Nerves of Man

Figure 29. Sympathetic nervous system of the cervical region (posterior view): 1 - internal jugular vein; 2 - vagus nerve; 3 - digastric muscle; 4 - meningeal artery; 5 - accessory nerve of Willis; 6 - hypoglossal nerve; 7 - sympathetic trunk; 8 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 9 - superior cervical ganglion; 10 - superior laryngeal nerve; 11 - descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve

12 - vagus nerve; 13 - sympathetic trunk; 14 - superior cardiac nerve; 15 - middle cervical ganglion

16 - middle cardiac nerve; 17 - inferior thyroid artery; 18 - vertebral artery; 19 - subclavian vein; 20 - inferior cardiac nerve

21 - inferior cervical ganglion; 22 - first thoracic ganglion; 23 - pleura; 24 - first dorsal nerve; 25 - inferior cervical ganglion

26 - vertebral artery; 27 - inferior thyroid artery; 28 - common carotid artery; 29 - vagus nerve; 30 - internal jugular vein

32 - superior cervical ganglion

Figure 30. Topography of the superficial organs of the neck (sternocleidomastoid muscle and clavicle removed): 1 - thyroid gland; 2 - thoracic duct; 3 - trachea; 4 - internal mammary artery; 5 - subclavian vein; 6 - subclavian artery; 7 - clavicle; 8 - lymph glands and lymphatic trunk; 9 - inferior thyroid artery; 10 - brachial plexus; 11 - middle sympathetic ganglion; 12 - common carotid artery; 13 - internal jugular vein; 14 - vagus nerve; 15 - sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Figure 31. Topography of the organs of the neck (internal jugular vein removed): 1 - superior thyroid artery; 2 - inferior thyroid artery; 3 - loop of Vieussens; 4 - thoracic duct; 5 - pleuro-tracheo-vascular ligament; 6 - common carotid artery; 7 and 14 - phrenic nerve; 8 - subclavian vein; 9 - subclavian artery; 10 - clavicle; 11 - pleura; 12 - eighth brachial sympathetic anastomotic ramus; 13 - middle cervical ganglion; 15 - vagus nerve.

Figure 32. Topography of the organs of the neck (common carotid artery removed): 1 - middle cervical ganglion; 2 - inferior thyroid artery; 3 - supreme intercostal artery; 4 - loop of Vieussens; 5 - recurrent nerve; 6 - sympathetic cardiac nerve; 7 - phrenic nerve; 8 - vagus nerve; 9 - common carotid artery; 10 - subclavian artery; 11 - trachea; 12 - internal mammary artery; 13 - pleuro-scalene ligament; 14 - inferior cervical ganglion.

Figure 33. Topography of the organs of the neck (most vessels removed): 1 - inferior cervical ganglion; 2 - recurrent nerve; 3 - sympathetic cardiac nerve; 4 - vagus nerve; 5 - phrenic nerve; 6 - first thoracic ganglion; 7 - vertebral nerve.

Figure 34. Horizontal section through the human head at the level of the dens of the axis: 1 - spinal nerve; 2 - transverse process of the first vertebra; 3 - parotid gland; 4 - internal pterygoid muscle; 5 - masseter muscle; 6 - mental nerve; 7 - tongue; 8 - external maxillary artery; 9 - facial vein; 10 - sympathetic trunk; 11 - internal carotid artery; 12 - vagus nerve; 13 - hypoglossal nerve; 14 - internal jugular vein; 15 - external carotid artery; 16 - ascending pharyngeal artery; 17 - accessory nerve of Willis; 18 - occipital artery; 19 - digastric muscle.

Figure 35. Horizontal section through the neck at the level of the vocal cords. The center of the figure is occupied by one of the cervical vertebrae with the spinal cord dorsally and the vertebral nerve and vessels laterally in the transverse canal. Dorsally to the vertebra on both sides of the spinous process and nuchal ligament lie the dorsal muscles of the neck. Ventrally to the vertebra lie the deepest muscles of the neck (longus capitis and colli muscles), the prevertebral fascia of the neck, the retropharyngeal cellular tissue, the pharynx, and the cartilages of the windpipe along with the vocal cords. The lateral parts are occupied by the cervical neurovascular bundle, the lateral muscles of the neck, the subcutaneous muscles of the neck, and their fasciae. 1 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 2 - internal jugular vein; 3 - cervical sympathetic trunk; 4 - vagus nerve; 5 - descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve; 6 - cervical sympathetic trunk; 7 and 10 - superior thyroid artery and vein; 8 - one of the nerves of the brachial plexus; 9 - vertebral artery, vein, and nerve; 11 - common carotid artery; 12 - vagus nerve; 13 - internal jugular vein.

Figure 36. Section through the neck at the level of the upper edge of the windpipe: 1 - scalene muscle; 2 - one of the nerves of the brachial plexus; 3 - cervical sympathetic nerve; 4 - inferior thyroid artery; 5 - inferior thyroid artery; 6 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 7 - vagus nerve; 8 - jugular vein; 9 - sympathetic cardiac nerve; 10 - inferior thyroid artery; 11 - recurrent nerve; 12 - thyroid gland; 13 - esophagus; 14 - recurrent nerve; 15 - vagus nerve; 16 - internal jugular vein; 17 - inferior thyroid artery; 18 - common carotid artery; 19 - inferior thyroid artery; 20 - cervical sympathetic nerve; 21 - vertebral artery and vein.

Figure 37. Section through the neck at the level of the epiglottic cartilage: 1 and 23 - spinal nerve; 2 and 22 - jugular vein; 3 - vagus nerve; 4 - lymph gland; 5 - descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve; 6 - internal carotid artery; 7 - glossopharyngeal nerve; 8 - external carotid artery; 9 and 11 - lingual artery; 10 - parotid gland; 12 - facial vein; 13 - superior cervical ganglion; 14 - glossopharyngeal nerve; 15 - external carotid artery; 16 - internal carotid artery; 17 - temporal vein; 18 - descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve; 19 - vagus nerve; 20 - superior laryngeal nerve; 21 - cervical plexus; 24 - vertebral artery.

Figure 38. Diagram of the right lumbosacral plexus from the front: 1 - lateral cutaneous branch; 2 - iliohypogastric nerve together with the lateral cutaneous branch; 3 - genitofemoral nerve; 4 - ilioinguinal nerve; 5 - branches for the psoas major and minor muscles; 6 - lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; 7 - external spermatic nerve; 8 - lumboinguinal nerve; 9 - branch for the iliac muscle; 10 - femoral nerve; 11 - branch for the psoas major and iliacus muscles; 12 - accessory obturator nerve; 13 - obturator nerve; 14 - superior gluteal nerve; 15 - peroneal nerve; 16 - inferior gluteal nerve; 17 - tibial nerve; 18 - branch for the obturator internus and gemelli muscles; 19 - branch for the quadratus femoris muscle; 20 - branch for the adductor magnus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus muscles and the long head of the biceps muscle; 21 - posterior femoral cutaneous nerve; 22 - inferior medial cluneal nerves; 23 - perineal nerves and dorsal nerve of the penis (clitoris); 24 - inferior hemorrhoidal nerves; 25 - branch for the levator ani muscle; 26 - branch for the coccygeus muscle; 27 and 28 - anococcygeal nerves; 29 - branch for the piriformis muscle; 30, 32, 34, 36, and 38 - branches for the intertransverse muscles; 31, 33, 35, and 37 - branches for the quadratus lumborum muscle; Th₁₂-L₄ - lumbar plexus; L₄-S₃ - sacral plexus; S₂-S₄ - pudendal plexus; S₅-Co - coccygeal plexus. Figure 39. Schematic representation of a preparation of the sympathetic nervous system of the abdominal cavity and pelvis of a male from the right side. In the upper part of the preparation on the left, three intercostal spaces are shown, displaying the intercostal arteries departing from the thoracic aorta, and beneath them the intercostal nerves connecting via communicating branches with the ganglia of the border trunk of the thoracic sympathetic nervous system. Between the border trunk and the thoracic aorta lie the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. In the upper right part of the preparation below the diaphragm, the stomach is shown from its dorsal surface, on which its nerve plexus is left intact. Next, the duodenum and transverse colon are transected. All other intestines are reflected to the left, while the right kidney with the ureter and peritoneum are separated to show the sympathetic nervous system and the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus. 1 - lumbar ganglion of the sympathetic trunk; 2 - renal plexus; 3 - iliohypogastric nerve; 4 - sacral femoral cutaneous nerve; 5 - interganglionic ramus; 6 - anastomosis of the hypogastric plexus with the lumbar aortic plexus; 7 - sacral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk; 8 - sacral plexus; 9 - spermatic plexus; 10 - ductus deferens plexus; 11 - inferior mesenteric plexus; 12 - superior mesenteric plexus; 13 - solar plexus. (To the illustr. of the article Nerves of Man)

Fig. 38.

Figure 39.

Figure 40. Principal nerves of the heart. The preparation preserves the windpipe, main bronchial branches, both carotid arteries, as well as the nerves lying on the sides of the windpipe; below are the aortic arch with its large vessels, the superior vena cava cut rather low, and both the subclavian and internal jugular veins are removed; finally, the pericardial sac is opened and its flaps are retracted. 1 - left recurrent nerve; 2 - right recurrent nerve; 3 - left vagus nerve; 4 - tracheal branches; 5 - cardiac ganglion and plexus; 6 - right pulmonary plexus; 7 - right phrenic nerve; 8 and 9 - branches of the cardiac plexus; 10 - anterior pulmonary plexus; 11 - left phrenic nerve; 12 - inferior cardiac nerve;

13 - middle cardiac nerve; 14 - superior cardiac nerve; 15 - left vagus nerve. Figure 41. Nerves of the gluteal region: 1 - posterior gluteal line; 2 - posterior superior iliac spine; 3 - superior gluteal nerve; 4 - piriformis muscle; 5 - sciatic nerve; 6 - pudendal nerve; 7 - sacrospinous ligament; 8 - sacrotuberous ligament; 9 - superior gemellus muscle; 10 - inferior gemellus muscle; 11 - semimembranosus muscle; 12 - biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles; 13 - adductor magnus muscle; 14 - quadratus femoris muscle; 15 - bursa of the piriformis muscle; 16 - bursa of the pectineus muscle; 17 - lesser trochanter (psoas major muscle); 18 - bursa of the external obturator muscle; 19 - middle, anterior, and posterior gluteal muscles; 20 - trochanteric bursa of the minimus gluteus muscle; 21 - middle iliac spine; 22 - nerve to the tensor fasciae latae muscle; 23 - nerve to the minimus gluteus muscle; 24 - nerve to the medius gluteus muscle; 25 - long posterior sacroiliac ligament; 26 - short posterior sacroiliac ligament. (To the illustr. of the article Nerves of Man.)

Figure 42. Right vagus nerve: 1-_p. spinalis; 2-p. hypoglossus; 3-p. vagus; on 1-p. cervicalis secundus; 5-gangl. cervicale sup. trunci sympathici; 6-gangl. cervicale inf. trunci sympathici; 7-truncus sympathicus; 8-plexus oesophageus; 9-vena azygos; 10-n. splanchnicus major; 11-gangl. semilunare dextrum; 12-plexus solaris; 13-rami gastrici; 14-plexus pulmonalis; 15-ramus cardiacus medius; 16-n. recurrens; 17-nn. cardiaci sup.; 18-n. laryngeus sup. (ramus ext.); 19-r. pharyngeus; 20-n. laryngeus sup.

Figure 43. Left vagus nerve: 1-p. lingualis; 2-p. glosso-pharyngeus; 3-p. laryngeus sup.; 4-rami pharyngei; 5-n. recurrens; 6-r. cardiacus med.; 7-rr. pulmonales; 8-r. hepaticus; 9-n. splanchnicus major; 10-plexus oesophageus; 11-truncus sympathicus; 12-gangl. cervicale inf.; 13 and 14-plexus brachialis; 15-gangl. cervicale sup.; 16-n. vagus.

Figure 44.

Figure 44. Nerves of the gluteal region: 1-foramen suprapiriforme; 2-foramen infrapiriforme; 3-n. ischiadicus; 4-m. adductor magnus; 5-m. biceps femoris, caput longum; 6-m. adductor magnus; 7-m. semitendinosus; 8-r. muscularis flexorius; 9 and 29-m. glutaeus max.; 10-m. adductor minimus; 11-bursa glutaeo-femoralis; 12-m. semimembranosus; 13-trochanter minor; 14-bursa ischiadica m. glutaei max.; 15-bursa trochanterica m. glutaei max.; 16-m. quadratus femoris; 17-m. obturator ext.; 18-nerve to m. tensor fasciae latae; 19-m. obturator int. cum gemellis; 20-m. piriformis; 21-n. pudendus; 22-spina iliaca superior ant.; 23-n. glutaeus inf.; 24-m. glutaeus med.; 25-tractus ilio-tibialis (Maissiati) (pars supratrochanterica); 26-n. glutaeus superior; 27-spina iliaca media; 28-lig. sacro-tuberosum; 30-spina iliaca superior posterior; 31-m. quadratus lumborum.

Figure 45. Lumbar plexus and its branches: 1-n. ilio-hypogastricus; 2-n. ilio-inguinalis; 3-n. cutaneus femoris lateralis; 4-n. genito-femoralis; 5-n. femoralis; 6-n. obturatorius; 7-plexus sacralis; 8-gangl. sacrale trunci sympathici; 9-ramus communicans; 10-gangl. lumbale trunci sympathici; 11-ramus communicans.

Figure 46. Drawing from a preparation of the right half of the abdominal wall, pelvis, and upper femoral region; the parietal peritoneum has been removed from the preparation, and the fibers of the quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles have been somewhat split. Externally, only the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the thigh and the dorsal part of the penis have been removed. 1-costa XII; 2-n. intercostalis XII; 3-m. quadratus lumborum; 4-aponeurosis m. transversi abdominis; 5-m. psoas major; 6-n. ilio-hypogastricus; 7-n. ilio-inguinalis; 8-m. obliquus abdominis ext.; 9-m. obliquus abdominis int.; 10-n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 11-ramus cutaneus lat. n. ilio-hypogastrici; 12-m. iliacus; 13-fascia ilio-pectinea; 14-lig. inguinale (Pouparti); 15-fascia lata; 16-fascia cribrosa; 17-v. saphena; 18-funiculus spermaticus; 19-tunica vaginalis communis; 20-scrotum; 21-n. dorsalis penis; 22-lig. suspensorium penis; 23-m. pyramidalis; 24-ductus deferens; 25-a. et v. iliaca ext.; 26-n. femoralis; 27-n. obturatorius; 28-n. lumbo-inguinalis; 29-n. spermaticus ext.; 30-n. genito-femoralis; 31-ramus communicans; 32-ganglia trunci sympathici; 33-truncus sympathicus; 34-vertebra thoracalis XII. Figure 47. Lumbar plexus and its branches. Drawing from a preparation of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, pelvis, and upper femoral region. All viscera except the urinary bladder and part of the rectum have been removed from the preparation, the sheet of parietal peritoneum has been stripped off, and the psoas major muscle has been removed on the right side; under these conditions, all the nerves of the lumbar plexus are visible on the right side from their very exit from the intervertebral foramina; on the left side, these nerves can be seen leaving the psoas major muscle. 1 and 21-n. intercostalis XII; 2 and 20-n. ilio-hypogastricus; 3-ramus muscularis; 4 and 8-ramus cutaneus lat.; 5-m. abdominis; 6 and 19-n. ilio-inguinalis; 7 and 18-n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 9 and 10-rami cutanei femorales lat.; 11 and 14-n. femoralis; 12-ramus musculi psoatis; 13-plexus sacralis; 14-r. spermaticus ext.; 16-n. lumbo-inguinalis; 17-n. genito-femoralis. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 48. Diagram of the irradiation of gastric pains to the spinal centers and the irradiation of vomiting reflexes to the centers of the medulla oblongata: 1-IX thoracic segment; 2-n. splanchnicus; 3-border trunk; 4-plexus coeliacus; 5-peripheral nerve; 6-n. vagus; 7-gangl. nodosum; 8-gangl. jugulare. Figure 49. Diagram of the innervation of the human genital organs: 1-upper lumbar part of the spinal cord; 2-lower sacral part of the spinal cord; 3-m. sphincter urethrae; 4-plexus ductus deferentis; 5-plexus hypogastricus; 6-plexus aorticus; 7-gangl. mesentericum inf.

Figure 50.

Figure 51. Drawing 50. Innervation of the uterus: 1 and 10-plexus hypogastricus; 2 and 9-plexus Frankenhauseri; 3 and 8-plexus pudendus; 4 and 7-n. erigens; 5-gangl. Frankenhauseri; 6-vaginal branches; 11-plexus aorticus. Fig. 51. Innervation of the urinary bladder: 1-aorta abdominalis; 2-truncus sympathicus dexter; 3-plexus hypogastricus sup.; 4-plexus hypogastricus inf. dexter; 5-n. ischiadicus; 6-nn. erigentes; 7-n. pudendus; 8-m. levator ani; 9-m. transversus perinei profundus; 10-m. ischio-cavernosus sin.; 11-m. bulbo-cavernosus; 12-prostata; 13-plexus vesicalis; 14-nn. vesicales; 15-ureter dexter; 16-vesica urinaria; 17-plexus hypogastricus inf. sin.; 18-ramus ant. n. lumbalis IV; 19-plexus aorticus; 20-plexus renalis sin.

Figure 52. Nerves and arteries of the male perineum: 1-v. pudenda communis; 2-diaphragma urogenitale; 3-m. sphincter ani ext.; 4 and 7-lig. sacro-tuberosum; 5-os coccygis; 6-a. haemorrhoidalis inf., 8 and 10-a. pudenda communis et n. pudendus; 9-tuberositas ossis ischii; 11-n. cutaneus femoris post.; 12-a. bulbosa; 13-m. ischio-cavernosus; 14-a. scrotalis post.; 15-nn. scrotales post.

Figure 53. Nerves and arteries of the female perineum: 1-glans clitoridis; 2-bulbus vestibuli; 3-glandula Bartholini; 4-lig. sacro-tuberosum; 5-os coccygis; 6-m. glutaeus max.; 7-n. pudendus; 8-n. cutaneus femoris post.; 9-tuberositas ossis ischii; 10-a. transversa perinei; 11-a. bulbosa; 12-m. ischio-cavernosus; 13-n. dorsalis clitoridis. NERVES OF MAN

Figure 54. Anastomosis of the musculocutaneous nerve with the median nerve: 1-branch to m. brachialis; 2-anastomosis with median nerve; 3-n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 4-n. radialis; 5-n. cutaneus antibrachii dors.; 6-anastomosis; 7-ramus volaris n. cutanei antibrachii medialis; 8-n. medianus; 9-branch to m. biceps brachii; 10-n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; 11-branch to m. coracobrachialis; 12-n. musculocutaneus.

Figure 55. Anastomosis of the musculocutaneous nerve with the median nerve:

1 and 7-n. musculocutaneus; 2-ramus muscularis; 3-m. deltoideus; 4-m. coracobrachialis; 5-n. medianus; 6-m. biceps brachii; 8-anastomosis with median nerve; 9-ramus muscularis for m. biceps; 10-ramus muscularis for m. brachialis; 11-m. brachialis; 12-n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 13-n. radialis; 14-m. supinator; 15-ramus profundus n. radialis; 16-m. brachioradialis; 17-a. radialis; 18-ramus superficialis n. radialis; 19-m. pronator teres; 20-m. flexor carpi radialis; 21-branch for m. flexor digitorum sublimis; 22-for m. flexor carpi rad.; 23-for m. pronator teres; 24-for m. palmaris longus and flexor sublimis and indicis; 25-ramus muscularis for m. pronator teres; 26-n. ulnaris; 27-m. triceps (caput mediale); 28-ramus collateralis ulnaris; 29-m. triceps (caput longum); 30-a. brachialis; 31-rami musculares for caput longum m. tricipitis; 32-n. radialis; 33-m. teres major; 34-m. latissimus dorsi.

Fig. 56. Distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the arm: 1-n. cutaneus brachii medialis; 2-n. cutaneus brachii post.; 3-n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; 4-ramus ulnaris n. cutanei antibrachii medialis; 5-n. cutaneus brachii lat.; 6-nn. supraclaviculares.

Figure 57. Distribution of the cutaneous nerves on the dorsum of the forearm and hand: 1-n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; 2-ramus ulnaris n. cutanei antibrachii medialis; 3-ramus superficialis n. radialis; 4-ramus dorsalis manus n. ulnaris; 5-nn. digitales dorsales; 6-ramus anastomoticus ulnaris.

Figure 58.

Figure 59.

Figure 58. Branches of the n. cutaneus antibrachii lat., radialis superficialis, ulnaris, and medianus on the hand: on the left side - usual relationships, on the right - variations.

1) n. cutaneus antibrachii lat., --- n. radialis superficialis, --- n. ulnaris, --- n. medianus. Figure 59. Zones of innervation: 1 - n. radialis; 2 - n. ulnaris; 3 and 4 - n. medianus. Figure 60. Distribution of n. cutanei humeri interni and rami cutanei humeri anterioris: 1 - nn. intercosto-brachiales; 2 - n. supraclavicularis; 3 - n. cutaneus antibr. medialis; 4 - n. ulnaris; 5 and 6 - ramus volaris and ramus ulnaris n. cutanei antibr. medialis; 7 - v. basilica; 8 - v. cephalica; 9 - v. mediana cubiti; 10 - n. cutaneus antibr. lat.; 11 - rami cutanei brachii ant. n. cutanei antibr. medialis; 12 - n. cutaneus brachii medialis. Figure 61. Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the forearm:

1 - n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; 2 - n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 3 - ramus superficialis n. radialis; 4 - ramus palmaris n. mediani; 5 - ramus cutaneus palmaris n. ulnaris; 6 - n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis (ramus ulnaris and ramus volaris). Figure 62. Nerves of the right index finger from the lateral side: 1 - n. digitalis dorsalis; 2 - aponeurosis palmaris; 3 - n. digitalis volaris proprius; 4 - cutaneous branch; 5 - a. digitalis volaris propria; 6 - branches

for the dorsal side; 7 - branch for the lateral surface of the finger; 8 - anastomosis between the dorsal and volar nerves. Figure 63. Anastomoses between n. digitalis dorsalis n. radialis and n. digitalis volaris proprius n. mediani: 1 - n. digitalis dorsalis n. radialis; 2 - anastomoses; 3 - n. digitalis volaris proprius n. mediani. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 61.

Figure 64. Position of n. radialis on the arm: 1 - n. radialis; 2 - vena collat. ulnaris sup.; 3 and 7 - n. collateralis ulnaris n. radialis; 4 - branch for caput lat. m. tricipitis; 5 - n. cutaneus antibr. dorsalis; 6 - branch for caput mediale m. tricip. and m. anconaeus; 8 - n. ulnaris; 9 - caput longum m. tricip.; 10 - caput mediale m. tricip.; 11 - n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; 12 - n. cutaneus humeri post.; 13 - n. cutaneus humeri internus; 14 - branch for caput longum m. tricipitis; 15 - m. latissimus dorsi. Figure 65. Anastomosis of n. mediani with n. ulnaris:

1 - tendon of m. bicip.; 2 - n. medianus; 3 - m. brachio-radialis; 4 - branch for m. pronator teres; 5 - n. radialis superfic.; 6 and 8 - a. radialis; 7 - branch for m. flexor pollicis long.; 9 - m. flex. poll. long.; 10 - m. abd. poll. long.; 11 - m. pronator quadratus; 12 - membrana interossea; 13 - ramus interosseus (med.); 14 - ramus anast. n. mediani cum n. ulnari; 15 - m. flexor dig. prof.; 16 - m. flexor carpi uln.; 17 - n. ulnaris; 18 - nerve for m. flex. dig. subl.; 19 - nerve for m. flexor carpi rad.; 20 - nerve for m. palmaris long.; 21 - m. pronator teres (caput ulnare); 22 - nerve for m. pronator teres; 23 - m. brachialis internus. Figure 66. Terminal branches of the nerves of the hand: 1 - m. flexor pollicis longus; 2 - tendon of m. flexoris carpi radialis; 3 - tendon of m. brachio-radialis; 4 - m. pronator quadratus; 5 - n. medianus; 6 - tendon of m. abductoris pollicis long.; 7 - vagina tendineum mm. flexorum communium; 8 and 25 - lig. carpi transversum; 9 - m. abductor pollicis brevis; 10 - m. opponens pollicis; 11 - ramus muscularis n. mediani; 12 - m. flexor pollicis brevis (caput superfic.); 13 - nn. digitales volares communes n. mediani; 14 - m. adductor pollicis; 15 - mm. lumbricales; 16 and 18 - nn. digit. volares proprii; 17 - branches for the palmar-lateral side of the fingers; 19 - cutaneous branches; 20 - n. digitalis volaris communis; 21 - ramus anastomoticus; 22 - rami musculares; 23 - m. abductor digiti V; 24 - ramus profundus; 26 - m. flexor digiti V brevis; 27 - branch to the joint; 28 - ramus dorsalis; 29 - n. ulnaris; 30 - m. flexor digitorum profundus; 31 - m. flexor digitorum sublimis; 32 - m. flexor carpi ulnaris. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 64.

NERVES OF MAN

Figure 67.

Figure 68.

Figure 69.

Figure 70.

Figures 67 and 68. Schemes of autonomous maximal areas of distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the arm from the palmar and dorsal surfaces. Figure 67: 1 - nn. supraclaviculares; 2 - n. cutaneus humeri internus; 3 - n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; 4 - n. ulnaris; 5 - n. medianus; 6 - n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 7 - n. cutaneus humeri lat.; 8 - n. radialis. Figure 68: 1 - nn. supraclaviculares; 2 - n. cutaneus humeri internus; remaining designations are the same as in fig. 67. Figures 69 and 70. Scheme of distribution of defects in cutaneous sensitivity on the palmar and dorsal sides upon interruption of individual nerve trunks; Figure 69. 1 - n. cutaneus humeri lat.; 2 - n. cutaneus humeri internus + intercosto-brachialis; 3 - n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 4 - n. medianus; 5 - n. ulnaris; 6 - m. cutaneus antibrachii medialis. Figure 70. 1 - n. cutaneus humeri lat.; 2 - n. cutaneus humeri post.; 3 - n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; 4 - n. cutaneus antibrachii lat.; 5 - n. radialis superficialis; 6 - n. medianus; 7 - n. ulnaris; 8 - n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; 9 - n. cutaneus brachii internus + intercosto-brachialis. (According to Foerster.)

Figure 71. Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the anterior surface of the thigh: 1 and 9 - n. ilio-inguinalis; 2 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 3 - ramus cutaneus lat. n. ilio-hypogastrici; 4 - n. saphenus; 5 - ramus infrapatellaris n. sapheni; 6 - ramus cutaneus n. obturatorii; 7 and 8 - rami cutanei femoris ant.; 10 - n. spermaticus ext.; 11 - n. lumbo-inguinalis; 12 - n. genito-femoralis. Figure 72. Branches of n. tibialis from the inside: 1 - m. popliteus; 2 - a. interosseus cruris; 3 - branch for m. tibialis post.; 4 - a. peronea; 5 - a. tibialis post.; 6 - m. flexor digit. longus; 7 - m. tibialis post.; 8 - branch for a. tibialis post. and m. tib. post.; 9 - n. plantaris lat.; 10 - n. plantaris medialis; 11 - m. abductor hallucis; 12 - rami calcanei mediales; 13 - ramus articularis; 14 - branch for syndesmosis tibio-fibularis; 15 - m. flexor hallucis longus; 16 - rami musculares for m. flexor hallucis longus; 17 - m. soleus; 18 - rami musculares for m. soleus; 19 - m. plantaris; 20 - rami musculares for m. popliteus; 21 - n. tibialis; 22 - a. poplitea. Figure 73. Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the posterior surface of the thigh: 1 - nn. clunium medii; 2 - rami perineales; 3 - branchlets of n. cutanei femoris post.; 4 - ramus cutaneus n. obturatorii; 5 - ramus cutaneus cruris medialis n. sapheni; 6 - branches of n. cutanei surae lat.; 7 - branches of n. cutanei femoris lat.; 8 - n. cutaneus femoris post.; 9 - nn. clunium inf.; 10 - branches

of n. cutanei femoris lat.; 11 - nn. clunium sup. Figure 74. Branches of n. femoralis: 1 and 25 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 2 - ramus muscularis for m. iliacus; 3 - rami musculares for m. sartorius; 4 - rami musculares for m. quadriceps femoris; 5 - rami cutanei ant.; 6 - m. sartorius; 7 and 9 - n. saphenus; 8 - hiatus tendineus (adductorius); 10 and 11 - rami cutanei n. obturatorii; 12 - m. adductor longus; 13 - v. saphena magna; 14 - v. femoralis; 15 - branch for m. pectineus; 16 - a. femoralis; 17 - ramus muscularis n. femoralis for m. pectineus; 18 - n. spermaticus ext.; 19 and 23 - rami musculares for m. iliacus; 20 - m. psoas major; 21 - n. femoralis; 22 - a. iliaca communis; 24 - m. iliacus. Figure 75. Branches of n. tibialis from behind: 1 - m. semitendinosus; 2 - m. semimembranosus; 3 - m. adductor magnus; 4 - a. and v. poplitea; 5 - n. tibialis; 6 - fossa poplitea; 7 - branch for a. poplitea; 8 - rami musculares; 9 - ramus articularis; 10, 14 and 20 - m. gastrocnemius; 11 - m. popliteus; 12 - arcus tendineus m. solei; 13 - m. soleus; 15 - fascia cruris; 16 - n. suralis; 17 - ramus anastomoticus peronaeus; 18 - n. cutaneus surae medialis; 19 and 24 - n. peronaeus communis; 21 - m. plantaris; 22 - rami musculares; 23 - n. cutaneus surae lat.; 25 - ramus articularis; 26 - m. biceps femoris (caput breve); 27 - ramus muscularis; 28 - m. biceps femoris (caput longum); 29 - n. ischiadicus. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 73.

Figure 75.

NERVES OF MAN

Figure 76.

Figure 77.

Figure 76. Distribution of n. suralis and n. peronaei superficialis: 1 - n. peronaeus communis; 2, 6, 15 - n. peronaeus superfic.; 3 - rami musculares; 4 - mm. peronaeus longus and brevis; 5 - septum intermusculare ant. (fibulare); 7 - fascia cruris; 8 - rami calcanei lat.; 9 - n. cutaneus dorsalis lat.; 10 - nn. digitales dorsales pedis; 11 - nn. digitales dorsales hallucis lat. and digiti II medialis; 12 - terminal branch of n. peronaei profundi; 13 - n. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius; 14 - n. cutaneus dorsalis medialis; 16 and 21 - m. ext. digitorum longus; 17 - m. peronaeus tertius; 18 - m. extensor hallucis longus; 19 and 23 - n. peronaeus profundus; 20 - m. tibialis ant.; 22 - ramus muscularis; 24 - rami musculares; 25 - m. peronaeus longus. Figure 77. Cutaneous nerves of the posterior surface of the lower leg: 1 - n. tibialis; 2 - n. cutaneus femoris post.; 3 - ramus cutaneus cruris medialis; 4 - rami calcanei lat.; 5 - n. cutaneus dorsalis lat.; 6 - n. suralis; 7 - ramus anastomoticus peronaeus; 8, 9 and 12 - n. cutaneus surae medialis; 10 - v. saphena parva; 11 - n. cutaneus surae lat.; 13 - n. peronaeus communis. 769

NERVES OF MAN

Figure 78. Cutaneous nerves of the anterior-medial surface of the lower leg; 1 - rami cutanei femoris anteriores; 2 and 3 - branches of n. cutaneus surae lateralis; 4 - n. peronaeus superficialis; 5 - nn. digitales dorsales; 6 - terminal branch of n. peronaeus profundus; 7 - rami calcanei mediales n. tibialis; 8 - n. saphenus; 9 - ramus infrapatellaris n. sapheni. Figure 79. Deep anastomoses between n. suralis and n. peronaeus profundus: 1 - n. peronaeus communis; 2 - rami musculares; 3 - m. extensor digitorum longus; 4 - m. extensor hallucis longus; 5 - rami calcanei laterales; 6 - n. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis; 7 - m. extensor digitorum brevis; 8 - nn. digitales dorsales pedis; 9 - nn. digitales dorsales hallucis lateralis et digiti secundi medialis; 10 - m. extensor hallucis brevis; 11 and 15 - ramus muscularis; 12 and 16 - rami musculares; 13 - m. tibialis anterior; 14 - n. peronaeus profundus. ... B. M. E. t. XX. 21

Figure 80.

Figure 81.

Figure 80. Nerves of the pelvic region: 1 - vertebra lumbalis IV; 2 - n. ilio-inguinalis; 3 - n. genito-femoralis; 4 - lig. inguinale; 5 - m. psoas major; 6 - m. psoas minor; 7 - vasa iliaca ext.; 8 - vasa spermatica int.; 9 - mm. rectus et pyramidalis abdominis; 10 - ductus deferens; 11 - truncus epigastrico-obturatorius; 12 - m. obturator int.; 13 - v. dorsalis penis; 14 - m. glutaeus maximus; 15 - vasa pudenda int.; 16 - m. coccygeus; 17 - n. ischiadicus; 18 - vasa glutaea inferiora; 19 - m. piriformis; 20 - vasa glutaea superiora; 21 - n. obturatorius; 22 - truncus lumbo-sacralis; 23 - n. sacralis I; 24 - m. sacro-spinalis. Figure 81. Vessels and nerves of the medial part of the foot: 1 - v. saphena magna and n. saphenus; 2 - fascia cruris; 3 - a. tibialis post.; 4 - m. flexor digitorum longus; 5 - m. tibialis post.; 6 - bursa subcutanea malleoli med.; 7 - lig. cruciatum pedis; 8 - m. abductor hallucis; 9 - m. extensor hallucis longus; 10 - bursa subcutanea metatarso-phalangea I; 11 - m. flexor digitorum longus; 12 - n. calcaneus medialis; 13 - n. plantaris medialis; 14 - lig. laciniatum; 15 - m. flexor hallucis longus; 16 - m. plantaris; 17 - tendo calcaneus (Achillis).

Figure 82.

Figure 83.

Figure 82. Nerves on the plantar surface of the foot: 1 - aa. digitales plantares propriae; 2 - aa. digitales plantares communes; 3 - m. lumbricalis I; 4 - n. articularis metatarso-phalangeus hallucis; 5 - r. digitalis medialis hallucis proprius; 6 - a. plantaris medialis; 7 - m. flexor digitorum brevis; 8 - n. plantaris medialis; 9 - m. abductor hallucis; 10 - m. abductor digiti V, pars proximalis cum nervo; 11 - caput plantare m. plantaris brevis (caro quadrata) cum nervo; 12 - n. digitalis lat. proprius digiti V; 13 - r. profundus (muscularis) n. plantaris lat. et vasa plantaria lat.; 14 - n. articularis metatarso-phalangeus V; 15 - anastomosis between nn. plantares lateralis and medialis; 16 - m. lumbricalis III; 17 - n. digitalis communis; 18 - n. digitalis proprius. Figure 83. Deep nerves and vessels on the plantar surface of the foot: 1 - tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus; 2 - a. digitalis medialis propria hallucis; 3 - bursa subcutanea metatarso-phalangea I; 4 - bursa subabductoria hallucis; 5 - ossa sesamoidea; 6 and 9 - m. adductor hallucis, caput obliquum; 7 - m. flexor hallucis brevis; 8 - motor anastomosis between nn. plantares medialis and lat.; 10 - a. plantaris medialis; 11 and 14 - m. abductor hallucis; 12 - m. tibialis post.; 13 - caput plantare m. plantaris brevis (caro quadrata) cum nervo; 15 - nerve for m. abductor digiti V; 16 - n. plantaris lat.; 17 and 18 - m. abductor digiti V; 19 - r. profundus (muscularis) n. plantaris lat.; 20 - arcus plantaris; 21 - n. articularis metatarso-phalangeus V; 22 - m. adductor hallucis (caput transversum); 23 - bursa subcutanea metatarso-phalangea V; 24 - lig. capitulorum transversum; 25 - capitulum ossis metatarsalis III; 26 - aa. digitales plantares communes; 27 - m. flexor digitorum brevis; 28 - m. flexor digitorum longus. Figure 84. Diagram of the autonomous and maximal distribution areas of the cutaneous nerves of the anterior surface of the leg: 1 - n. lumbo-inguinalis; 2 - n. spermaticus ext.; 3 - n. cruralis totalis; 4 - n. tibialis + cutaneus surae medialis; 5 - n. peronaeus + cutaneus surae lateralis; 6 - n. ischiadicus; 7 - n. cutaneus femoris lateralis. Figure 85. Diagram of the areas of cutaneous sensibility defects of the anterior surface of the leg upon interruption of individual nerve trunks: 1 - n. lumbo-inguinalis; 2 - n. cutaneus femoris internus; 3 - nn. cutanei femoris ant.; 4 - n. saphenus; 5 - n. tibialis; 6 - n. peronaeus communis; 7 - n. ischiadicus; 8 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 9 - n. spermaticus ext.; 10 - n. ilio-hypogastricus. Figure 86. Diagram of the autonomous and maximal distribution areas of the cutaneous nerves of the medial surface of the leg: 1 - n. obturatorius; 2 - n. ischiadicus; 3 - n. peronaeus + cutaneus surae lat.; 4 - n. tibialis + cutaneus surae medialis; 5 - n. peronaeus; 6 - n. cruralis. Figure 87. Diagram of the distribution of cutaneous sensibility defects on the medial surface of the skin of the leg upon

interruption of individual nerve trunks: 1 - n. cutaneus femoris int.; 2 - n. ischiadicus; 3 - n. tibialis; 4 - n. peronaeus communis; 5 - n. saphenus; 6 - nn. cutanei ant. Hatched areas indicate the autonomous regions of the corresponding nerves. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 88.

Figure 89. Figure 90. Figure 91. Figure 88. Diagram of the autonomous and maximal distribution areas of the cutaneous nerves of the leg from the posterior side: 1 - n. cutaneus clunium sup.; 2 - n. ilio-hypogastricus; 3 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 4 - n. ischiadicus; 5 - n. cruralis; 6 - n. peronaeus + cutaneus surae lat.; 7 - n. tibialis + n. cutaneus surae medialis; 8 - n. cutaneus femoris post. Figure 89. Diagram of the areas of cutaneous sensibility defects on the posterior surface of the leg upon interruption of the nerve trunk: 1 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 2 - n. cutaneus femoris post.; 3 - n. cutaneus surae medialis; 4 - n. peronaeus communis; 5 - n. ischiadicus; 6 - n. tibialis; 7 - n. saphenus; 8 - nn. cutanei femoris ant.; 9 - n. cutaneus femoris int. Figure 90. Diagram of the autonomous and maximal distribution areas of the cutaneous nerves of the leg on the lateral surface: 1 - n. ilio-hypogastricus; 2 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 3 - n. ischiadicus; 4 - n. cruralis; 5 - n. peronaeus + cutaneus surae lat.; 6 - n. tibialis + n. cutaneus surae medialis; 7 - n. cutaneus femoris post. Figure 91. Diagram of the areas of cutaneous sensibility defects on the lateral surface of the leg upon interruption of the nerve trunk: 1 - n. cutaneus femoris lat.; 2 - n. ischiadicus; 3 - n. suralis; 4 - n. peronaeus communis; 5 - n. cutaneus femoris post. Hatched areas indicate the autonomous regions of the corresponding nerves. (To the illustr. of the art. Nerves of Man.)

Figure 92.

Figure 93.