Ligaments

LIGAMENTS, ligamenta (from Latin ligo - I bind), a term used in the normal anatomy of the ligaments of humans and higher vertebrates primarily to designate dense connective tissue cords, plates, etc., supplementing and reinforcing one or another type of connection of the skeleton's bones. Together with bones and joints, ligaments must be classified as the passive part of the motor apparatus. The term "ligamentum (a)" was introduced into anatomy only in modern times; previously, ligaments were designated by the Latin name "Vinculum (a)" (from vincire - to bind) or by the even older term "desmos" and "syndesmos" (see Syndesmology). By microscopic structure, ligaments are classified as anatomical formations consisting of dense connective tissue—collagenous or elastic. In some cases, ligaments are formed almost entirely of dense collagenous fibers with a small admixture of elastic fibers—syndesmosis fibrosa (e.g., lig. interclaviculare, stylohyoideum, etc.); in others, they consist exclusively of elastic fibers—syndesmosis elastica (Fick), synelastosis (Rauber) (e.g., lig. flava of the spine). In a mechanical sense, the first and second types of ligaments are mutually opposite. Most ligaments are located near joints, serving as an auxiliary apparatus for them. In the mechanics of one or another joint, ligaments have different functional significance. Accordingly, some of them are called strengthening [ligaments], because they, together with other factors (see Joints), contribute to the fastening of bones articulating with each other, being located either on the outside and weaving their fibers into the articular capsule (lig. extraarticularia: lig. ischio-capsulare, lig. temporo-mandibulare, etc.) or inside the joint cavity [lig. intraarticularia (for figures see Vol. VIII, p. 134): lig. teres femoris, etc.]. The second group consists of inhibiting ligaments, which inhibit or limit movements in one or another joint [for example, lig. cruciata ant. et post. (see Vol. XIII, pp. 373-374, figs. 2-4) of the knee joint limit the inward rotation of the lower leg, lig. ilio-femorale inhibits strong extension and adduction of the thigh]. The third variety of articular ligaments are considered to be the so-called guiding (movement) ligaments, which exert their influence either on the entire course of movement in a given joint or on a specific moment of it. An example of guiding ligaments can be the intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint (lig. cruciata) (see Vol. XIII, pp. 373-374, figs. 2-4). Some ligaments, by functional significance, are mixed: both strengthening and guiding (lig. collateralia of the elbow joint, etc.) (see Vol. XVI, p. 338, fig. 7). Inhibiting ligaments are more often located where the joint capsule is subjected to maximum stretching; guiding [ligaments]—in areas lying on the sides of the joint and between the planes of muscle groups that are antagonists, as well as, for example, in angular joints on that side of the articulation where flexion or extension is impossible (on the sides of the joint). Ligaments play a significant role not only in the dynamics of individual skeletal segments but also in statics. Thus, sharp stretching of the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint or their transection disrupts both walking and standing. In such parts of the skeleton important from the point of view of body statics as the spine and the foot, ligaments have the role of so-called passive tensioners, the relaxation of which leads to disturbances of static functions and to changes in the dimensions and shapes of the corresponding parts of the skeleton (body). Individual ligaments are located without connection to joints, connecting adjacent bones to each other or even individual parts of the same bone (lig. coraco-acromiale, stretched between the coracoid and acromial processes of the scapula) (see Vol. XVI, p. 379, fig. 6). A part of the ligaments has the appearance of plates-membranes located between bones (see Vol. XII, p. 463, fig. 1) (see Forearm, Lower Leg) as interosseous membranes. These same ligaments are intermuscular septa (lig. intermuscularia). Others close bone openings, large fissures (lig. obturatoria) or stretch over a notch of an individual bone, forming together with the latter an opening for the passage of vessels and nerves (lig. scapulae sup.) or finally, are thrown as a bridge over a groove formed by several bones and limit a canal for the passage of tendons, nerves, etc. (lig. carpi transversum, limiting the canalis carpalis). All the listed ligaments, as connective tissue formations of the passive part of the motor apparatus, develop from the mesenchyme. Parallel to the formation of bones, articulations, joints with their capsules, etc., the development of the ligamentous apparatus proceeds, and in formed joints, some of the ligaments are so closely woven into the fibrous capsule that they are only artificially distinguished as denser, formed bundles, giving them a special name. The mechanical properties of ligaments of different parts of the motor apparatus and of individual ligaments are different. In particular, their tensile strength (and rupture), their elasticity, etc., are different. Tensile strength (according to R. Fick) is equal to 6.5 kg per 1 mm². The strongest ligament in the human body is considered to be the lig. ilio-femorale (see Vol. XI, p. 29, figs. 9 and 10), which withstands a load of 350 kg, and the second in strength is the lig. plantare longum (load 200 kg; Lesgaft). The strength of individual ligaments is so great that during strong stretching, it is not the rupture of the ligaments themselves that is observed, but the avulsion of a bone fragment to which the given ligament is attached (the so-called avulsion fracture); for example, the strength of the lig. deltoideum (see Vol. VII, p. 459, fig. 4) is so significant that during sharp abduction of the foot, it often tears off the tip of the medial malleolus, but does not rupture itself. The elasticity of the ligamentous apparatus, just like its strength, is different not only in its individual parts but also depending on individuality, body type, sex, and age. Age-related changes boil down to the fact that in childhood, ligaments are the most resilient and elastic; in old age, in connection with senile changes of all connective tissue formations, ligaments to a significant degree lose these characteristic properties of their tissue. The term "ligaments" is also used to designate a whole series of other anatomical formations (of various organ systems of the human body)—connective tissue or connective tissue with an admixture of muscle fibers, and even formations consisting of serous membranes. Ligaments are also called connective tissue cords remaining after the obliteration of blood vessels of the placental circulation period. Such are lig. teres hepatis (Vol. XXIV, p. 531, fig. 1)—the obliterated umbilical vein, lig. venosum, lig. arteriosum, lig. vesico-umbilicalia lateralia. No. Latin and Russian Name. Synonyms. Attachment sites. Position. Purpose (function). Accessoria (accessory). Syn.: auxiliaria. Dense fibrous cords reinforcing joint capsules. Accessoria (Henle) (accessory)—see 205. Accessorium (Meckel) (accessory)—see 267. Accessoria costarum (accessory of ribs). Accessory auxiliary ligaments to lig. costo-transversarium anterius (see also 243). Accessorium cubiti (accessory of the elbow). Anterior bundles of the fibrous capsule of the elbow joint. Accessoria digitorum manus (accessory of the fingers of the hand)—see 17. Accessorium humeri (accessory of the humerus)—see 234. Accessorium laterale articulationis mandibularis (lateral accessory of the mandibular joint)—see 699. Accessorium laterale genu (lateral accessory of the knee)—see 198. Accessorium mediale articulationis mandibularis (medial accessory of the mandibular joint)—see 624. Accessorium obliquum (oblique accessory). Part of lig. radio-carpeum volare (see also 579). Accessoria plantaria articulationis metatarso-phalangeae (plantar accessory of the metatarsophalangeal articulation). Bundles of collateral ligaments (lig. collateralia artic. metatarso-phalangeae (see 207)), directed to the sole and reinforcing joint capsules. Include an admixture of fibrous cartilage, sometimes also sesamoid bones. Accessorium radiale (Henle) (radial accessory)—see 202. Accessorium rectum carpi (Weitbrechti) (straight accessory of the wrist). Part of lig. radio-carpeum volare (see also 579). Accessorium ulnare (Henle) (ulnar accessory)—see 204. Accessoria vaga (accessory)—see 602 and 603. Accessoria volaria articulationis metacarpo-phalangeae (palmar accessory of the metacarpophalangeal articulation). Syn.: accessoria digitorum manus. Strong ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints, located on the palmar side of the joint capsules in a transverse direction. Acromio-claviculare (acromioclavicular). Syn.: capsulare claviculare externum. Thickened part of the joint capsule between the acromial process of the scapula and the clavicle. Reinforces the joint. Acromio-coracoideum (acromiocoracoid)—see 228. Adiposum genu (Cruveilhier) (adipose of the knee). Corresponds to plica synovialis patellaris (fold of the synovial membrane of the knee joint). Alare dentis (alar of the tooth). Syn.: epistrophei, s. alare major, s. superior, s. Maucharti, s. odontoideum. Paired short ligaments stretched from the odontoid process of the II cervical vertebra to the medial surfaces of the articular processes of the occipital bone and to the edges of the foramen magnum. Alaria genu (alar of the knee). Corresponds to plicae alares mediales et laterales.

Plastic folds of the synovial membrane of the knee joint, filling the space between the articulating bones at the moment of upward displacement of the patella. Alveolare (alveolar) Name (Malassez's) of the periodontium. Annulare (annular) - see 151. Annulare anterior tarsi (anterior annular of the tarsus) - see 264. Annulare baseos stapedis (annular of the base of the stapes), filling the space between the latter and the edge of the oval window on the inner wall of the tympanic cavity. Annulare externum malleoli (external annular of the malleolus) - see 264. Annulare femoris (annular of the femur) - corresponds to zona orbicularis (see also 804). Annulare inf. (Weber) (inferior annular) - see 68. Annulare int. malleoli (internal annular of the malleolus) - see 402. Annulare meatus acustici externi (annular of the external auditory canal) - Fibrous tissue attaching the cartilaginous part of the external auditory canal to the periosteum of the temporal bone. No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Annulare post. carpi (posterior annular of the wrist) - see 577. Annulare pubis (annular of the pubis) - Fibrous ring strengthening the lamina fibro-cartilaginea interpubica. Annulare radii (annular of the radius). Syn.: coronarium radii, or orbiculare radii. Ligament of the elbow joint, weaving its fibers into the capsule of the latter; attaches to the anterior and posterior edges of the incisura radialis ulnae, encircling the head of the radius. Strengthens the proximal radio-ulnar joint. Tendinous fibers of some muscles weave into the ligament, tightening it during movement and protecting it from entrapment. Annulare superius (Weber) (superior annular) - see 558. Annularia digitorum manus (annular of the fingers of the hand). Syn.: fibrae annulares. Fibrous bundles of the tendon sheaths, located on the palmar surface of the interphalangeal joints of the hand. Often absent on the II and III phalanges, best developed on the I phalanx. Annularia digitorum pedis (annular of the fingers of the foot). Syn.: fibrae annulares. Fibrous bundles strengthening the tendon sheaths of the toes and located on the plantar side of the interphalangeal joints. Annularia trachealia (annular of the trachea). Syn.: interannularia, or annuli ligamentosi. Connective tissue filling the spaces between the cartilages of the trachea and fastening the latter to each other. Ano-coccygeum (ano-coccygeal). Syn.: linea alba ano-coccygea (Cruveilhier), or alba muscularis ischio-coccygei (Henle), or raphe recto-coccygea. Tendinous bundles of the external anal sphincter muscle, attaching to the tip of the coccyx. Anteriora durae matris (anterior of the dura mater). Connective tissue bundles connecting the ventral wall of the dural sac of the spinal cord with the posterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior sacro-coccygeal ligament. Anterius cubiti (anterior of the elbow). Anterior part of the elbow joint capsule. Anterius internum articulationis talo-cruralis (Meckel) (anterior internal of the ankle joint) - see 717. Anterius vesicae (anterior of the bladder) - see 765. Antibrachii (Weitbrechti) (of the forearm) - corresponds to chorda obliqua (see also 476). Antibrachio-lunato-hamatum dorsale (Grünther) (dorsal forearm-lunate-hamate) - see 163. Apicis coccygis (of the tip of the coccyx) - see 175. Apicis dentis epistrophei (of the tip of the dens of the axis). Syn.: dentis posticum, or medium ant. et post. dentis epistrophei (Barkow), or medius dentis posticum (Barkow), or rectum medium (Meckel), or suspensorium dentis posterius (Luschka), or epistrophei. Fibrous bundles extending from the tip of the odontoid process of the axis to the anterior circumference of the foramen occipitale magnum. Apicis incudis (of the tip of the incus) - see 349. Apicum (apical). General designation of all supraspinal ligaments from CVI to the sacrum (see also 655). Arantii (Arantius's) - see 781. Arcuatum carpi dorsale (dorsal arcuate of the wrist). Dorsal ligament of the wrist, thrown in the form of an arc from the radial edges of the bones of the I and II row of the wrist to the triquetral bone, bypassing the capitate bone and hamate bone. Arcuatum carpi volare (palmar arcuate of the wrist). Arcuate ligamentous bundle on the palmar surface of the wrist, into which fibers of the palmar ulno-carpal ligament and palmar radio-carpal ligament weave (see also 762 and 579). Arcuatum externum diaphragmatis (Haller) (external arcuate of the diaphragm). Corresponds to arcus lumbo-costalis lateralis. See Diaphragm. Arcuatum genu (arcuate of the knee) - see 535. Arcuatum inferius pubis (inferior arcuate of the pubis) - see 58. Arcuatum internum diaphragmatis (internal arcuate of the diaphragm). Corresponds to arcus lumbo-costalis medialis. See Diaphragm. Arcuatum profundum (Grünther) (deep arcuate). Part of the radial collateral ligament of the wrist (see also 196). No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Arcuatum pubis (arcuate of the pubis). Syn.: arcuatum, or arcuatum inferius, or annulare inf. (Weber), or pubis inf. (Cruveilhier), or subpubicum. Strong ligament running along the lower edge of the pubic symphysis from the lower branch of the pubic bone of one side to that of the other and connecting on the way with the fibrocartilaginous mass. Strengthens the pubic symphysis. Arcuatum superficiale (Guntner) (superficial arcuate). Part of the radial collateral ligament of the wrist (see also 193). Arcuatum superius pubis (superior arcuate of the pubis) - see 653. Arcuatum (Tourtual) (arcuate). Elastic connective tissue bundles between the vocal ligament and the ventricular ligament. Arcuum (of the arches) - see 305. Armillae (of the wrist) - see 153. Arteriosum (arterial). Syn.: chorda ductus arteriosi, or Botalli. Connective tissue cord departing from the pulmonary artery (at the place of its division into the right and left branches) and attaching to the concavity of the aortic arch after the departure of the latter subclavian artery. Represents the remnant of the obliterated ductus arteriosus (Botalli) of the placental circulation period. Articulationis cubiti ant. (anterior of the elbow joint). Strong cords (from the palmar surface) of the elbow joint capsule. Articulationis mandibularis (of the mandibular joint). Ligaments of the lower jaw joint (human): temporomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament and stylomandibular ligament, as well as the pterygomandibular raphe (see also 699, 624, 612). Articulationis pedis laterale externum (Arnold) (external lateral of the foot joint). General designation of talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament (see also 681, 682 and III). Ary-corniculatum (arytenoid-corniculate). Corresponds to synchondrosis ary-corniculata. Connects the tip of the arytenoid cartilage with the corniculate cartilage of the same side. Ary-epiglottica (arytenoid-epiglottic). Corresponds to aryepiglottic fold. See Larynx. Ary-santorinianum (arytenoid-Santorini). Corresponds to synchondrosis ary-corniculata - see 68. Astragalo-calcaneum externum (Meckel) (external talocalcaneal) - see 676. Astragalo-calcaneum intern. ant. (Meckel) (internal anterior talocalcaneal) - see 678. Astragalo-calcaneum interosseum (interosseous talocalcaneal) - see 678. Astragalo-calcaneum interosseum anterius (Barkow) (anterior interosseous talocalcaneal) - see 677. Astragalo-calcaneum interosseum posterius (Barkow) (posterior interosseous talocalcaneal) - see 676. Astragalo-calcaneum posterius (Meckel) (posterior talocalcaneal) - see 680. Astragalo-scaphoidea ext. et medium (Barkow) (external and middle talonavicular) - see 683. Astragalo-scaphoideum interosseum (interosseous talonavicular) - see 676. Atlanto-epistrophicum accessorium (Rauber) (accessory between the atlas and the axis). Syn.: collaterale atlanto-axiale mediale (Fick). Ligament running from the body of the axis to the lateral masses of the atlas. Atlanto-epistrophicum anterius (anterior between the atlas and the axis) - see 428. Atlanto-occipitale anterius profundum (anterior deep atlanto-occipital). Syn.: anticum profundum. Corresponds to membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior. Connective tissue plate filling the space between the anterior arch of the atlas and the occipital bone. Atlanto-occipitale post. (posterior atlanto-occipital). Corresponds to membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior. Connective tissue plate filling the gap between the posterior arch of the atlas and the occipital bone. Atlanto-occipitale superficiale (superficial atlanto-occipital). Upper end of the anterior longitudinal ligament (see also 428). Auriculare (anterior auricular). Syn.: anterius, or Valsalvae, post. et superius, or pinnae (Macalister). Connective tissue cords contributing to the strengthening of the cartilage of the auricle on the temporal bone. Auxiliaria (auxiliary) - see 1. Basium dorsalia ossium metacarpalium (dorsal of the bases of the metacarpal bones). Syn.: baseos metacarpi, or intermetacarpalia (Günther), or intermetatarpea interossea, or propria dorsalia metacarpi (Weber). Dorsal ligaments strengthening the joint capsules of the carpometacarpal joints and located between the bases of the metacarpal bones. Basium dorsalia ossium metatarsalium (dorsal of the bases of the metatarsal bones).

Syn.: baseos metatarsi, s. transversalia, s. interbasica dorsalia, s. propria dorsalia tarsi (Weber). Dorsal ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc), reinforcing the articular capsule and located transversely between the bases of the metatarsal bones. Basium interossea ossium metacarpalium (interosseous of the bases of the metacarpal bones). Dense ligaments closing the intermetacarpal joints and located between the bases of the metacarpal bones. Basium interossea ossium metatarsalium (interosseous of the bases of the metatarsal bones). Fibrous bundles filling the interosseous spaces between the dorsal and plantar ligaments and reinforcing the tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc). Basium plantaria ossium metatarsalium (plantar of the bases of the metatarsal bones). Syn.: baseos metatarsi, s. bifurcata profunda, s. recta longitudinalia, s. transversaria posteriora metatarsi longa (Arnold). Plantar ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc), located transversely between the bases of the metatarsal bones. Basium volaria ossium metacarpalium (palmar of the bases of the metacarpal bones). Syn.: baseos metacarpi, s. transversa metacarpi. Palmar ligaments, reinforcing the articular capsules of the carpometacarpal joints and located between the bases of the metacarpal bones. Bertini (Bertin's) - see 340. Bichati (Bichat's). Syn.: costo-transversarium medium. Ligamentous bundles from the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae to the ribs. Bifurcata profunda (Arnold) (deep bifurcated) - see 693. Bifurcatum (bifurcated). Syn.: sublime. So-called key of the Chopart joint (articulatio tarsi transversa): a ligament starting with two legs on the upper-anterior edge of the calcaneus and attaching with one part to the dorsal surface of the cuboid bone (pars calcaneo-cuboidea), and with the other to the navicular bone (pars calcaneo-navicularis). Reinforces the indicated joint. Bifurcatum profundum (deep bifurcated) - see 90. Bigelowi (Bigelow's) (Quain) - see 811. Bigemina (double) - see 695. Botalli (Botallo's) - see 61. Brachio-cubitale (brachioulnar) - see 204. Brachio-radiale (brachioradial) - see 202. Breve digitorum manus (Marshall) (short of the fingers of the hand). Corresponds to Vinculum tendinum. Designation of weak fibrous folds connecting the flexor tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. Calcaneo-cuboideo-naviculare interosseum (calcaneocuboid-navicular interosseous). Interosseous ligament reinforcing the articulatio talo-calcaneo-navicularis. Limits mobility in the indicated joint. Calcaneo-cuboideum dorsale (Spalteholz) (dorsal calcaneocuboid). Syn.: superius, s. tarso-calcaneum dorsale (Krause). Ligament of the calcaneocuboid joint, connecting the dorsal surface of the calcaneus and cuboid bones (near lig. bifurcatum). Calcaneo-cuboideum externum (Meckel) (external calcaneocuboid). Syn.: fibulare (Meckel). Lateral part of the articular capsule of the calcaneocuboid joint. Calcaneo-cuboideum inferius (inferior calcaneocuboid) - see 110. Calcaneo-cuboideum intimum (Weber) (innermost calcaneocuboid) - see 530. Calcaneo-cuboideum medium (Weber) (middle calcaneocuboid). Part of lig. calcaneo-cuboideum plantare (see also 110). 505. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Calcaneo-cuboideum plantare (plantar calcaneocuboid). Syn.: profundum, s. rhomboideum (Weitbrecht), s. summum (Weber), s. transversum (Barkow), s. calcaneo-cuboideum inf., s. tarso-calcaneum plantare, s. massa ligamentosa pedis. Wide, fan-shaped ligament of the calcaneocuboid joint, located on the plantar side of the foot between the calcaneus and cuboid bones and continuing into the fibrocartilago navicularis. Forms a passive "tie-beam" of the bony arch of the foot. Calcaneo-cuboideum plantare longum (plantar calcaneocuboid long). Syn.: superficiale (Barkow) - see 530. Calcaneo-cuboideum plantare transversum (plantar calcaneocuboid transverse). Short plantar ligament connecting the calcaneus and cuboid bones. Calcaneo-cuboideum rectum (Barkow) (straight calcaneocuboid) - see 530. Calcaneo-cuboideum superius (Meckel) (superior calcaneocuboid). Dorsal part of the articular capsule of the calcaneocuboid joint. Calcaneo-fibulare (calcaneofibular). Syn.: collaterale laterale pedis, s. fibulae medium perpendiculare (Weitbrecht), s. fibulare calcanei, s. laterale externum articuli pedis (Barkow), s. laterale externum fibulae rectum, s. triquetrum pedis (Meckel). Ligament consisting of two layers and reinforcing the articulatio talocruralis; stretched from the anterior edge of the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. Limits the lowering of the lateral edge of the foot. Calcaneo-metatarseum (Weber) (calcaneometatarsal). Part of aponeurosis plantaris. Calcaneo-naviculare dorsale (dorsal calcaneonavicular). Syn.: prismaticum (Weitbrecht) profundum, s. calcaneo-scaphoideum dorsale (externum) (Barkow), s. superius (Meckel). Small ligament of the talocalcaneonavicular joint. Calcaneo-naviculare interosseum (interosseous calcaneonavicular). Syn.: laterale (Krause). Corresponds to pars calcaneo-navicularis lig. bifurcati (see also 95). Calcaneo-naviculare mediale (medial calcaneonavicular). Syn.: plantare, s. teres (Weitbrecht). Medial part of lig. calcaneo-naviculare plantare (see also 120). Calcaneo-naviculare medium (middle calcaneonavicular). Lateral part of lig. calcaneo-naviculare. Calcaneo-naviculare plantare (plantar calcaneonavicular). Syn.: calcaneo-scaphoideum inferius (Meckel), s. internum, s. medium (Barkow), s. cartilagineum calcaneo-naviculare (Weber). Strong plantar ligament, stretched between the lower-medial side of the os naviculare, sustentaculum tali, and the anterior-medial protrusion of the calcaneus. Contains a cartilaginous inclusion (fibrocartilago navicularis); forms a passive tie-beam of the bony arch of the foot. Calcaneo-scaphoideum (calcaneonavicular) - see 116 and 120. Calcaneo-tibiale (calcaneotibial). Syn.: tibio-calcaneo-naviculare. One of the four parts of lig. deltoideum pedis (see 283): ligament of the ankle joint, going from the medial malleolus to the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus. Limits strong raising of the lateral edge of the foot. Canaliculorum labyrinthi (Rüdinger) (of the labyrinth canaliculi). Reinforcing strands of the membranous semicircular canals. 124-125. Capitato-hamatum (capitohamate). Lig. intercarpeum interosseum between the capitate and hamate bones. Capituli costae ant. inf. (Barkow) (anterior inferior of the head of the rib). Part of lig. capituli costae radiatum (see also 129). 126. Capituli costae ant. sup. (Barkow) (anterior superior of the head of the rib). Part of lig. capituli costae radiatum (see also 129). Capituli costae interarticulare (interarticular of the head of the rib). Syn.: intermedium transversum, s. cartilago interarticularis capituli costae, s. interosseum costo-vertebrale (Cruveilhier), s. teres capituli costae, s. Luschkai, s. intraarticulare. Fibrocartilaginous ligament going from the crest of the head of the rib to the intervertebral cartilage (inside the joint - articulatio capituli costae). These ligaments are present at the heads of the II-X ribs. Capituli costae intraarticulare (intraarticular of the head of the rib) - see 127. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Capituli costae radiatum (radiate of the head of the rib). Syn.: anterius, s. costo-vertebrale ant., s. radiatum (Henle). Fibrous ligament on the anterior surface of the joints of the heads of the ribs, which goes from the head of the rib to the lateral surface of the bodies of the corresponding vertebrae and intervertebral cartilages. Capituli fibulae anterior (anterior of the head of the fibula). Syn.: tibio-fibulare ant. (Henle). Anterior bundles of the ligament reinforcing the proximal connection of the bones of the lower leg (articulatio tibio-fibularis); they go from the lateral condyle of the tibia to the head of the fibula. Capituli fibulae inferior (Barkow) (inferior of the head of the fibula) - see 516. Capituli fibulae posterius (posterior of the head of the fibula). Posterior bundles of the ligament reinforcing the upper connection of the bones of the lower leg (articulatio tibio-fibularis, s. proximalis); it goes from the lateral condyle of the tibia to the head of the fibula. Often absent. Capitulorum ossium metacarpalium transversa (transverse of the heads of the metacarpal bones). Syn.: volaria (Henle), s. trochlearia. Three strong bundles stretched between the heads of the metacarpal bones (II-V). Prevent the divergence of the heads of the indicated bones. 134-135. Capitulorum ossium metatarsalium transversa (transverse of the heads of the metatarsal bones).

Syn.: jugalia ossium sesamoideorum pedis (Arnold), s. metatarsi ant. plantare, s. capitulorum os. metatarsi plantaria. Transversely located ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal joints, fastening the heads of the metatarsal bones and preventing their divergence. Capitulorum ossium metatarsi dorsalia (dorsal of the heads of the metatarsal bones). Dorsal ligamentous cords on the heads of the metatarsal bones. Capitulorum ossium metatarsi plantaria (plantar of the heads of the metatarsal bones)—see 134. Capitulorum volaria (Henle) (palmar of the heads)—see 133. Capsulare (capsular). Corresponds to capsula articularis. Capsulare articulationis carpi (capsular of the wrist joint). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis radio-carpeae. Capsulare articulationis coxae (capsular of the hip joint). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis coxae. Capsulare claviculare externum (external clavicular capsular)—see 18. Capsulare cubiti (capsular of the elbow joint). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis cubiti. Capsulare genu (capsular of the knee joint). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis genu. Capsulare humeri (capsular of the shoulder joint). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis humeri. Capsulare incudis (capsular of the incus)—see 319. Capsulare internum coxae (internal capsular of the hip joint)—see 703. Capsulare sacciforme (sacciform capsular). Corresponds to capsula articularis articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis. Capsularia vertebrarum (capsular of the vertebrae). Corresponds to capsulae articulares vertebrarum. Carcassonne—see 731. Carpi arcuatum volare (arcuate palmar of the wrist). Two parts of lig. ulno-carpeum volare, starting from the lateral edge of the discus articularis and the base of the processus styloideus ulnae and ending on the os capitatum and os triquetrum. Carpi commune (common of the wrist). Syn.: annulare. General designation for the dorsal and palmar transverse ligaments of the wrist at the distal end of the forearm fascia. Carpi commune profundum (Arnold) (common deep of the wrist)—see 196. Carpi dorsale commune (dorsal common of the wrist). Syn.: annulare carpi post., s. armillare. Ligament of the back of the forearm—transverse dense fibers of the forearm fascia, under which the extensor tendons pass in special compartments separated by fibrous septa. See Forearm. Carpi dorsale commune superficiale (dorsal common superficial of the wrist). Part of lig. radio-carpeum dorsale (see also 577), starting from the styloid process of the radius. No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Carpi dorsale longum (dorsal long of the wrist). Ligament from the os triquetrum to the os hamatum. Carpi dorsale profundum (Henle) (dorsal deep of the wrist). General designation for the deep ligaments of the dorsal surface of the wrist joint. Carpi interossea (interosseous of the wrist)—see 361. Carpi jugalia (connecting of the wrist). Part of lig. carpi radiatum (see also 161). Carpi obliqua (oblique of the wrist). Part of lig. carpi radiatum (see also 131). Carpi radiale (Arnold) (radial of the wrist)—see 196. Carpi radiatum (Mayeri) (radiate of the wrist). General designation for the ligaments extending from the os capitatum to all adjacent bones of the I and II row of the wrist. Carpi rectum (straight of the wrist). Bundles of ligamentous fibers from the articular disc to the proximal bones of the wrist. Carpi rhomboideum (rhomboid of the wrist). Syn.: antibrachio-lunato-hamatum dorsale (Günther), s. fibrosum dorsale articulationis cubito-carpalis (Meckel), s. planities ligamentosa lata rhomboidea (Weitbrecht). Part of lig. radio-carpeum dorsale, which stretches from the edge of the articular surface of the proximal joint bone to the os lunatum and os triquetrum. Carpi transversum (transverse of the wrist). Syn.: carpi volare proprium (Henle), s. transversum carpi. Strong ligament stretched between the eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris, under which pass the tendons of the muscles flexing the fingers and the nervus medianus. See Forearm. Carpi ulnare (ulnar of the wrist)—see 197. Carpi volare (common palmar of the wrist). Syn.: commune, s. transversum, s. annulare carpi anterius. Dense transversely running fibers in the forearm fascia, located on the palmar surface. See Forearm. Carpi volare profundum arcuatum (deep arcuate palmar of the wrist). Part of lig. radio-carpeum volare (see also 579). Carpi volare profundum transversum (Henle) (deep transverse palmar of the wrist). General designation for the deeply located ligaments on the palmar side of the wrist joint. Carpi volare proprium (Henle) (proper palmar of the wrist)—see 164. Carpo-metacarpea dorsalia (dorsal carpometacarpal). Dorsal ligaments of the joint capsules of the carpometacarpal joints, attached to the bones of the II row of the wrist and to the II-V metacarpal bones. Carpo-metacarpea volaria (palmar carpometacarpal). Palmar ligaments of the joint capsules of the carpometacarpal joints between the bones of the II row of the wrist and the II-V metacarpal bones. Carpo-metacarpeum interosseum (interosseous carpometacarpal). Intra-articular ligament between the os capitatum (sometimes also the os hamatum) and the bases of the III and IV metacarpal bones. Cartilagineum calcaneo-naviculare (Weber) (cartilaginous calcaneonavicular)—see 120. Cartilaginum semilunarium (of the semilunar cartilages). Name of the thinned ends of the lateral and medial menisci of the knee joint. Caudale (caudal). Syn.: apicis coccygis. Fibrous bundles running from the dorsal surface of the coccyx to the skin covering it (causes the presence of the vortex coccygeus). Cavae sinistrae [of the left vena cava]—see 780. Cavo-duodenale (Klaatsch) (between the duodenum and the inferior vena cava). Fold of peritoneum from the duodenum or caecum to the v. cava inferior. Cerato-cricoidea anteriora (anterior cricothyroid)—see 254. Cerato-cricoidea lateralia et posteriora (lateral and posterior cricothyroid). Syn.: crico-thyreoidea lateralia, s. cerato-cricoidea post. inf. Artificially subdivided small ligaments that run from the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage and strengthen the capsule of the joint between the named cartilages. Cervicis costae externum (Weitbrecht) (external of the neck of the rib)—see 214. Cervicis (femoris) [of the neck (of the femur)]. Syn.: retinacula. Parts of the general joint capsule of the hip joint, at the distal site of the capsule attachment (vessel-containing parts—Braus). No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Cervico-basilare (cervicobasilar). Corresponds to membrana tectoria. A dense connective tissue plate formed by ligamentous bundles, which are a continuation of the lig. longitudinale post. (130), and attached above to the occipital bone in the region of the clivus of Blumenbach and its lateral parts. Merges with the dura mater. Covers the joint between the atlas and the dens of the axis. Ciliare (ciliary). Corresponds to m. ciliaris. See Ciliary body. 181. Cinguli extremitatis superioris (of the shoulder girdle). General designation for the ligaments of the shoulder girdle: lig. transversum scapulae sup. (see also 734), lig. transversum scapulae inf. and lig. coraco-acromiale (see also 753 and 248). Circulare (Kölliker) (circular). Strong connection between the alveolar edge of the jaw and the neck of the tooth. Circumflexum (circumflex). Part of lig. piso-metacarpeum (see also 529). Civinini—see 555. 188. Chido—see 670. Coccygeum laterale (lateral coccygeal)—see 595. Coccygeum post. superficiale (posterior superficial coccygeal)—see 598. Cochleae (of the cochlea). Parts of lig. spirale cochleae (see also 630). Coli (of the colon). Corresponds to taeniae coli. See Intestine. Colicum (colic). Corresponds to omentum colicum. See Intestine. Colicum dextrum (Hensing) (right colic). Corresponds to plica caecalis. See Peritoneum. Colicum (Halleri) (colic). Right end of the greater omentum. See Omentum. 195. Collaterale carpi radiale (radial collateral of the wrist). Syn.: radiate carpi, s. carpi commune, profundum (Arnold), s. radiate articulationis cubito-carpalis (Meckel), s. carpi radiate (Arnold). Lateral ligament of the wrist joint, attaching to the styloid process of the radius and to the os naviculare. Prevents forced adduction of the hand and strengthens the wrist joint. Collaterale carpi ulnare (ulnar collateral). Syn.: ulnare carpi, s. laterale carpi ulnare, s. funiculus ligamentosus. Lateral ligament of the wrist joint, stretched between the proc. styloideus ulnae and the os triquetrum. Takes a small part in the formation of the articular cavity of the wrist joint. Prevents forced abduction of the hand and strengthens the wrist joint. Collaterale fibulare (fibular collateral). Syn.: accessorium laterale genu, s. laterale externum genu. One of the collateral ligaments of the knee joint; stretches from the epicondylus lateralis femoris to the lateral surface of the capitulum fibulae. In it, one distinguishes pars longa and pars brevis. Strengthens the joint and protects against excessive extension of the lower leg.

When the joint is extended, it prevents lateral swaying. Collaterale genu laterale breve (lateral collateral of the knee, short). Corresponds to pars brevis lig. collateralis fibularis (see also 198). Collaterale genu laterale longum (lateral collateral of the knee, long). Corresponds to pars longa lig. collateralis fibularis (see also 198). Collaterale laterale pedis (lateral collateral of the foot) - see 114. Collaterale radiale articulationis cubiti (radial collateral of the elbow joint). Syn.: accessorium radiale (Henle), s. brachio-radiale, s. laterale externum cubiti. One of the ligaments strengthening the elbow joint. It begins from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, splits into two bundles, which, having passed in front of and behind the head of the radius, attach to the anterior and posterior edge of the incisura radialis ulnae. The bundles of this ligament fuse with the lig. annulare radii (see also 34). Collaterale tibiale (tibial collateral). Syn.: mediale. One of the two collateral ligaments of the knee joint. It begins from the epicondylus medialis femoris and attaches to the medial and posterior edge of the tibia. In it, short and long parts are distinguished. It strengthens the knee joint and protects against excessive extension of the lower leg. When the joint is extended, it prevents lateral swaying. Collaterale ulnare articulationis cubiti (ulnar collateral of the elbow joint). Syn.: access. r. uln. (Henle), s. mediale, s. brachio-cubitale, s. deltoideum cubiti, s. cubiti laterale internum, s. cubiti ulnare (Weber), s. laterale int. cubiti. A ligament strengthening the elbow joint. It begins from the epicondylus medialis humeri and, diverging in a fan shape, attaches to the ulna. In the anterior and posterior part of this ligament, corresponding to the attachment points, Rauber distinguishes two bundles: lig. humero-coronoideum (see 335) and lig. olecrano-humerale (see 489). Collateralia (collateral). Syn.: articulationum, s. accessoria (Henle), s. lateralia. Designation of ligaments of various joints located on the lateral surface of the joint capsule (of the connecting bones). 13 Ligaments. No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). 205 Collateralia artic. metacarpo-phalangeae (collateral of the metacarpophalangeal joint). Broad paired ligaments attached (on the sides) to the metacarpal bone and to the proximal phalanx (of the fingers). Collateralia artic. metatarso-phalangeae (collateral of the metatarsophalangeal joint). Ligaments attached (on the sides) to the metatarsal bone and to the proximal phalanx (of the toes). Collaterale atlanto-axiale mediale (Fick) (lateral, medial, atlanto-axial) - see 79. Collateralia digitorum manus (collateral of the fingers). Strong ligaments of the finger joints, located on the radial and ulnar side. They begin from the fossae on the side and dorsal to the trochlea of one phalanx and extend obliquely to the palmar surface of the base of the adjacent phalanx. They prevent lateral movements in the interphalangeal joints. Collateralia digitorum pedis (collateral of the toes). Strong ligaments of the interphalangeal joints, beginning on the side and on the dorsum from the fossa of one phalanx and attaching on the plantar surface to the base of the adjacent phalanx. They prevent lateral displacements in the interphalangeal joints. Collateralia radiale et ulnare digitorum manus (radial and ulnar collateral of the fingers). Syn.: accessoria radiale et ulnare (Henle), s. lateralia digitorum manus - see 209 and 206. Collesi - see 354. Colli costae (of the neck of the rib). Syn.: superius et inferius (Henle), s. interosseum, s. medium, s. principale (Barkow), s. colli costae sup. et inf. (Henle), s. costo-transversarium ant. (Krause), s. costo-transversarium intermedium, s. interosseum transverso-costale (Cruveilhier). A strong ligament of the rib, stretched from the anterior surface of the transverse process of the vertebra to the posterior surface of the neck of the corresponding rib (at the last two ribs to the tubercles). Colli costae anterius (anterior of the neck of the rib) - see 243. Colli costae externum (external of the neck of the rib) - see 244. Colli costae inferius (inferior of the neck of the rib) - see 244. Colli costae internum (internal of the neck of the rib) - see 213. Colli costae post. (posterior of the neck of the rib) - see 214. Colli costae sup. et inf. (Henle) (superior and inferior of the neck of the rib) - see 213. Colli costae sup. externum et internum (external and internal superior of the neck of the rib) - see 244 and 243. Columnae vertebralis (of the vertebral column). General designation for the entire ligamentous apparatus of the spine. Commune vertebrarum ant. (anterior common of the vertebrae) - see 428. Conicum laryngis (conical of the larynx) - see 258. Conoides (conical) - see 226. Conoides laryngis (conical of the larynx) - see 258. Conoideum (conical). Syn.: conoides, s. coraco-claviculare int., s. posticum. The internal or posterior part of the lig. coraco-claviculare (see also 230) in the form of a triangle, the base of which attaches to the clavicle, and the apex to the coracoid process of the scapula. Strengthens the articulatio acromio-clavicularis. Cooperi (Cooper's) - see 558. Coraco-acromiale (coracoacromial). Syn.: acromio-coracoideum, s. scapulae proprium transversum ant., s. majus, s. triangulare. A broad strong ligament attaching to the anterior edge of the acromion and the processus coracoideus scapulae. This ligament forms the so-called arch of the shoulder (fornix humeri), limiting the mobility of the shoulder joint (during forced abduction of the arm—outward movement—and forced forward movement, the greater tubercle of the humerus abuts against this arch). Coraco-brachiale (coracobrachial) - see 234. Coraco-claviculare (coracoclavicular). Ligament of the articulatio acromio-clavicularis, stretched between the tuberosity of the coracoid process on the clavicle and the lower surface of the process. Composed of two parts: 1) lig. trapezoideum (see also 737) and 2) lig. conoideum (see also 226). Coraco-claviculare anticum (Henle) (anterior coracoclavicular). Bundles of the fascia coraco-clavicularis. See Scapula. Coraco-claviculare ext. (external coracoclavicular) - see 737. Coraco-claviculare internum (internal coracoclavicular) - see 228. Coraco-humerale (coracohumeral). Syn.: coraco-brachiale, s. accessorium humeri, s. superius humeri, s. suspensorium humeri. A ligament of the shoulder joint, which begins from the base and lateral edge of the processus coracoideus and attaches on the greater, as well as on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Coracoideum scapulae (coracoid of the scapula) - see 734. Cordiforme (heart-shaped). Corresponds to the centrum tendineum diaphragmatis. See Diaphragm. Corniculo-pharyngea (corniculopharyngeal). The upper part of the lig. jugale of the larynx (see 400); a paired connection by thin elastic connective tissue fibers of the cartilago corniculata (Santorini) dext. et sin. of the larynx with the anterior wall of the pharynx. Coronarium hepatis (dext. et sin.) (coronary of the liver (right and left)). A short peritoneal ligament of the liver, extending from the posterior surface of the latter to the diaphragm; at the edges of the liver, the right and left parts of the ligament, expanding, receive the special name lig. triangulare dext. et sin. (see also 742). Coronarium radii (coronary of the radius) - see 34. Corporis incudis (Meyer) (of the body of the incus). Lateral fold of the incus. Coruscantia (shining) - see 367. Costo-claviculare (costoclavicular). Syn.: inferius, s. rhomboides claviculae, s. sterno-claviculare ant., s. synchondrosis costo-clavicularis (Luschka). A strong ligament of the sternoclavicular joint; attached to the costal tuberosity of the clavicle and to the upper edge of the cartilage of the I rib. Retards the raising of the clavicle. Costo-transversarium ant. (anterior costotransverse). Syn.: anticum, s. inferius, s. longum ant. (Krause), s. colli costae ant., s. int. transversarium longum, s. transverso-costale sup. (Cruveilhier). A broad ligament beginning from the upper edge of the neck of the rib and attaching to the lower edge of the transverse process of the vertebra lying above. On the XII rib, this ligament is absent. Costo-transversarium post. (posterior costotransverse). Syn.: longum post., s. cervicis costae extern. (Weitbrecht), s. colli costae post., s. externum, s. inferius. A weak ligament of the joint of the tubercle of the rib, attached to the posterior surface of the neck of the rib and to the root of the transverse process of the vertebra lying above, partly to the articular process. On the I and XII ribs, this ligament is absent. Costo-vertebrale accessorium (accessory costovertebral). Part of the lig. capituli costae radiatum (see also 129). Costo-vertebrale ant. (anterior costovertebral) - see 129. Costo-xiphoidea (costoxiphoid). Flat ligaments stretched from the cartilages of the VI and VII ribs inward to the lower end of the body of the sternum and to its xiphoid process. Cotyloideo-fibrocartilagineum acetabuli (Meckel) (fibrocartilaginous of the acetabulum). Syn.: cotyloideum. Corresponds to the labrum glenoidale articulationis coxae. See Hip joint. Coxae proprium (proper of the pelvis). Corresponds to the membrana obturatoria. A connective tissue membrane closing the foramen obturatum of the pelvic bone. See.

Craniale durae matris (cranial of the dura mater). A strengthening apparatus in the form of connective tissue cords between the dura mater and the periosteum in the region of the atlanto-occipital joint and the joint between the I and II cervical vertebrae. Crico-arytaenoideum post. (posterior cricoarytenoid). Syn.: triquetrum (Tourtual). A strong elastic ligament running from the upper edge of the lamina cartilaginis cricoideae to the medial part of the cartilago arytaenoidea and fixing the latter. Crico-pharyngeum (cricopharyngeal). Syn.: crico-santorinianum, s. Santorini. The lower part of the lig. jugale of the larynx. An unpaired connective tissue [ligament] between the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and the anterior wall of the pharynx. Crico-thyreo-arytaenoideum (cricothyroarytenoid). Corresponds to conus elasticus. See: Larynx. Crico-thyreoidea ant. (anterior cricothyroid). Syn.: cerato-cricoidea ant. Strengthening ligaments of the anterior wall of the articular capsule of the articulatio crico-thyreoidea. Crico-thyreoidea lateralia (lateral cricothyroid). Syn.: cerato-cricoidea post. A strengthening ligament of the articulatio crico-thyreoidea, running obliquely from the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage inward and downward. No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Crico-thyreoidea posteriora (posterior cricothyroid). Strengthening ligaments of the capsule of the articulatio crico-thyreoidea, having an ascending direction and running obliquely inward (from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid). Crico-thyreoideum capsulare (capsular cricothyroid). Corresponds to capsula articularis crico-thyreoidea. Crico-thyreoideum medium (middle cricothyroid). Syn.: conicum, s. conoides laryngis. A strong ligament between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, located along the midline. Crico-tracheale (ant. et post.) [cricotracheal (anterior and posterior)]. An annular ligament between the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage and the upper edge of the I tracheal cartilage. Cristae pubis (of the pubic crest) - see 558. Cruciata digitorum manus (cruciate of the fingers of the hand). Cruciately arranged fibrous bundles (fibrae cruciatae) of the aponeurosis of the palmar surface of the fingers in the region of the interphalangeal joints. Cruciata digitorum pedis (cruciate of the toes of the foot). Cruciately arranged fibrous bundles (fibrae cruciatae) of the aponeurosis of the plantar surface of the toes in the region of the interphalangeal joints. Cruciatum atlantis (cruciate of the atlas). Syn.: epistrophei. A strong ligament of the joint between the atlas and the epistropheus, consisting of two parts: 1) transverse—lig. transversum atlantis (see 725) and 2) longitudinal, which in turn is divided into crus superius, attached to the anterior edge of the foramen occipitale magnum, and crus inferius—to the body of the epistropheus. Cruciatum cruris (cruciate of the leg). Syn.: pedis, s. tarsi, s. annulare ant. tarsi, s. annulare externum malleoli, s. lambdoideum, s. tarsi ant., s. ypsiloideum. Strengthening cords of the fascia cruris on the anterior surface. It stretches over and in front of the ankle joint from the anterior crest of the tibia transversely to the anterior crest and to the lateral surface of the fibula. See: Leg and Foot. Cruciatum genu ant. (anterior cruciate of the knee). Syn.: cruciforme, s. interosseum genu (Cruveilhier), s. obliquum genu. An intra-articular ligament of the knee joint. It begins on the medial surface of the condylus lateralis femoris and attaches, directing itself downward, forward, and medially, to the fossa intercondyloidea anterior tibiae. It firmly connects the tibia to the femur, limits the inward rotation of the lower leg, and acts as a brake on extreme flexion of the joint. Cruciatum genu post. (posterior cruciate of the knee). Syn.: medium, s. obliquum. An intra-articular ligament of the knee joint. It begins on the lateral surface of the condylus medialis femoris, goes posteriorly, attaching behind the eminentia intercondyloidea tibiae to the fossa intercondyloidea tibiae posterior. It firmly fastens the thigh and the lower leg. It limits the inward rotation of the lower leg and acts as a brake on extreme flexion of the joint. Cruciatum genu posticum (Roberti) (posterior cruciate). Syn.: tertium, s. accessorium cartilaginis semilunaris externae ad lig. cruciatum posticum (Barkow), s. obliquum genu, s. menisci lateral. (Roberti). A part of the fibers of the lig. cruciatum genu post. (see 266), attaching to the posterior section of the lateral meniscus. Crurale (femoral) - see 352. Cubiti posterius (Meckel) (posterior of the elbow). The posterior part of the articular capsule of the articulatio cubiti. Cubito-radiale teres (round ulnoradial). Corresponds to chorda obliqua (see also 476). Cuboideo-naviculare dorsale (dorsal cubonavicular). Syn.: cubo-naviculare dorsale, s. scapho-cuboideum dorsale (Meckel), s. tarso-naviculare dorsale. An obliquely running (from inside to outside) ligament of the tarsus, stretched between the os naviculare and the os cuboideum. Cuboideo-naviculare interosseum (interosseous cubonavicular). A ligament of the foot between the cuboid and navicular bones. Cuboideo-naviculare plantare (plantar cubonavicular). Syn.: obliquum, s. cubo-naviculare, s. massa ligamentosa naviculari-cuboidea (Weber). A transversely running strong ligament of the plantar side of the foot, fixed on the cuboid and navicular bones. Cuboideo-sphenoidea [inf., ant., medium, post. et profund. (Barkow)] [cubocuneiform (inferior, anterior, middle, and deep)]. Parts of the lig. cuneo-cuboideum plantare (see also 277). Cuneo-cuboideum dorsale (dorsal cuneocuboid). Syn.: cubo-cuneiforme dorsale, s. lig. sphenoideo-cuboideum dorsale transversum. A ligament of the dorsal surface of the foot in the tarsal region, stretched between the os cuneiforme tertium and the os cuboideum. Cuneo-cuboideum interosseum (interosseous cuneocuboid). A ligament of the tarsus which is located between the os cuneiforme tertium and the os cuboideum, attaching to the surfaces of the indicated bones facing each other. Cuneo-cuboideum plantare (plantar cuneocuboid). One of the plantar ligaments of the tarsus, running in a transverse direction from the os cuneiforme tertium to the os cuboideum. Cuneo-metatarsea interossea (interosseous cuneometatarsal). Lateral strengthening ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc's joint). 279 Cuneo-navicularia plantaria (plantar cuneonavicular) - see 470. Cutanea digitorum manus (cutaneous of the fingers of the hand). Fibrous cords on the lateral edges of the phalanges. Cysto-duodeno-colicum (cystoduodenocolic). A part (inconstant) of the lig. hepato-duodenale (see also 329), closing the entrance to the omental bursa [foramen epiploicum (Winslowi)]. Deltoideum cubiti (deltoid of the elbow joint) - see 204. Deltoideum pedis (deltoid of the foot). Syn.: articulationis talo-cruralis, s. deltoides (Weitbrecht), s. laterale internum artic. pedis, s. trapezium. A fan-shaped strong ligament located on the medial surface of the ankle joint and composed of four ligaments: lig. tibio-naviculare (see 717), lig. talo-tibiale ant. (see 686), lig. calcaneo-tibiale (see 122), lig. talo-tibiale post. (see 688). It begins from the lower edge of the malleolus medialis and attaches with separate bundles to the os naviculare, talus, and calcaneus. It plays an important role in the stability of the ankle joint. Denticulatum (denticulate). Syn.: laciniatum medullae spinalis, s. serratum medullae spinalis. Processes of the dura mater of the spinal cord, connecting the latter with the pia mater. The teeth of this ligament, having the appearance of triangles with a base fixed between the anterior and posterior roots on the pia mater, and an apex on the dura mater, are located along the frontal plane, suspending the spinal cord. Dentis epistrophei medium, anticum et posticum [of the tooth of the epistropheus (middle, anterior, and posterior)]. Anterior and posterior parts of the lig. apicis dentis epistrophei (see also 47). Dentis posticum (posterior of the tooth) - see 47. Dorsale talo-naviculare internum (dorsal talonavicular internal).

Syn.: latum (Weber), s. supremum—see 663. Dorsalia carpi (dorsal carpal)—see 330. Dorso-lateralia durae matris (dorsolateral of the dura mater): Connective tissue bundles extending from the lateral sides of the dural sac to the vertebral arches. Ductus venosi (venous duct)—see 781. Ductuum semicircularium membranaceorum (membranous semicircular ducts): Connective tissue cords reinforcing the semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth. Duodeno-hepaticum (duodenohepatic)—see 329. Duodeno-mesocolica (duodeno-mesocolic): General designation for plicae duodeno-jejunalis et duodeno-mesocolica. Duodeno-renale (duodeno-renal): A fold of peritoneum that extends from the right end of the mesocolon transversum (behind and below the lig. hepato-duodenale) to the parietal peritoneum of the right kidney region. Elastica (elastic): General designation for ligaments consisting of elastic tissue. Elasticum interuretericum (Barkow) (elastic, lit. inter-intraureteral): Designation for mm. ureterum (so-called longitudinally running muscle fibers of the lower end of the ureter); 297. Epididymidis inf. (inferior of the epididymis): A fold of the visceral layer of the peritoneum covering the testis (tunica vaginalis propria testis). This is a fold similar to the testis and the lower part of the epididymis; 298. Epididymidis superius (superior of the epididymis): A transitional fold of the visceral layer of the peritoneum covering the testis, which connects the upper part of the epididymis to the testis. Epiglottico-palatinum (epiglotto-palatine): Elastic cords within the m. stylo-pharyngeus. Epistrophico-atlanticum anticum superficiale (anterior superficial between the epistropheus and atlas): Designation of a ligament that is a continuation of the lig. longitudinale ant. (see also 428). Falciforme hepatis (falciform of the liver). Syn.: suspensorium hepatis: A duplication of the peritoneum extending from the upper surface of the liver to the diaphragm. A part of it, in the extent from the left notch of the liver to the navel, receives a special name (see 704). Fallopii (Fallopian)—see 352. Fibrosum anticum (anterior fibrous)—see 553. Flabelliformia (Meyer): Cords of the fascia lata on the lateral edges of the patella. Flava (yellow). Syn.: arcuum, s. intercruralia, s. interlaminaria, s. subflava: Ligaments of the spine consisting of elastic fibers and filling the spaces between the arches of all lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae, with the exception of the space between the I and II cervical vertebrae. They attach to the inner surface of the arch of the vertebra above and to the outer surface of the arch of the vertebra below. These ligaments strongly tighten the vertebral arches. Fundiforme clitoridis (fundiform of the clitoris): Bundles of elastic fibers on the surface of the clitoris (analogous to the lig. fundiforme penis—see 309). Fundiforme cruris (Braus) (fundiform of the leg)—see 308. Fundiforme pedis (fundiform of the foot). Syn.: cruris: A ligamentous loop starting from the sinus tarsi, which encompasses the tendons of the m. extensor digitorum longus and m. peronaeus tertius. This ligament is the lateral part of the lig. cruciatum cruris (see also 261). Fundiforme penis (fundiform of the male penis): Cords of elastic tissue encompassing the penis with two bundles and being a continuation of the so-called fascia subcutanea of the anterior abdominal wall region. Gastro-colicum (gastro-colic): A duplication of the peritoneum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon; it is the initial segment of the omentum majus. Gastro-lienale (gastro-splenic). Syn.: splenico-gastricum, s. omentum gastro-splenicum: One of the peritoneal ligaments of the spleen; a transitional plate consisting of two layers of peritoneum, extending from the fundus of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. Gastro-phrenicum (gastro-phrenic)—see 524. Genu transversum (transverse of the knee)—see 729. Gimbernati (Gimbernat's)—see 406. Gimbernati reflexum (reflected Gimbernat's)—see 354. Glandulae lacrimalis (of the lacrimal gland)—see 660. Glandulae thyreoideae medium et lateralia (of the thyroid gland, middle and lateral): Connective tissue bundles from the capsule of the thyroid gland, fixing the gland in relation to the trachea and larynx. Of these, the middle one connects the isthmus of the thyroid gland with the anterior surface of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages; the lateral ones start from the capsule of the lower parts of the lateral lobes of the gl. thyreoideae, rise upward, attaching to the lower edge of the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage and to the three upper cartilages of the trachea. Gleno-humeralia (Morris) (glenohumeral). Syn.: gleno-humerale superius, medium, inf. (Reynier): Ligaments of the shoulder joint. Of these: lig. gleno-humerale superius goes from the cavitas glenoidalis to the tubercula majus et minus of the humerus; lig. gleno-humerale medium to the tuberculum minus under the m. subscapularis. Glenoideo-brachiale (inf. et int.) [glenohumeral (inferior and internal)]: Inferior and medial bundles reinforcing the articular capsule of the articulatio humeri. Glenoideum (glenoid): Corresponds to the labrum glenoidale. See Hip joint. Glosso-epiglottica (glosso-epiglottic): Corresponds to the plicae epiglotticae. See Epiglottis. Glottidis vera (true of the glottis)—see 794. Glottidis spuria (false of the glottis)—see 782. Helmholtzi (Helmholtz's): Part of the lig. mallei anterius (see also 439). Henle (Braun) (Henle's). Syn.: falx inguinalis: A medial bundle of tendinous fibers reinforcing the transversalis fascia of the abdomen in the region of the interstitium inguinale. It is composed of fibers of the tendons of the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. Hepato-cavo-duodenale (Klaatsch) (between the liver, duodenum, and vena cava): A peritoneal fold in the right half of the abdominal cavity near the right lobe of the liver, extending from the peritoneum covering the v. cava inf. to adjacent organs (liver and duodenum). Hepato-colicum (hepato-colic): An inconstant continuation of the lig. hepato-duodenale (see also 329) to the connection with the colon transversum. Hepato-cysto-colicum (hepato-cysto-colic): A fold of peritoneum separating from the lesser omentum, connected with the lig. hepato-renale (see also 332), and delimiting, together with the latter, the foramen epiploicum. Hepato-duodenale (hepato-duodenal). Syn.: duodeno-hepaticum: A duplication of the peritoneum extending from the porta hepatis to the duodenum. Together with the lig. hepato-gastricum (see also 330), it forms the lesser omentum; with its free edge, it limits the foramen epiploicum anteriorly. In the thickness of the lig. hepato-duodenale are located: 1) a. hepatica propria; 2) ductus choledochus; and 3) v. portae. Hepato-gastricum (hepato-gastric). Syn.: gastro-hepaticum: A wide duplication of the peritoneum going from the porta hepatis and the fossa ductus venosi to the lesser curvature of the stomach and continuing into the serous covering of the latter. It forms the lesser omentum. Hepato-phrenicum (hepato-phrenic): The connection of the peritoneal covering of the right lobe of the liver with the diaphragm. Together with the lig. hepato-renale, it constitutes part of the lig. coronarium hepatis, the so-called lig. coron. hepatis dextrum. Hepato-renale (hepato-renal): The connection of the peritoneal covering of the right lobe of the liver with the peritoneum covering the right kidney. It is in connection with the lig. hepato-phrenicum (see 331). Hepato-umbilicale (hepato-umbilical)—see 704. Hesselbachi—see 374. Humero-coronoideum (Rauber) (humero-coronoid): The anterior part of the lig. collaterale ulnare of the articulatio cubiti (see 204). It extends from the epicondylus medialis humeri to the proc. coronoideus ulnae. This ligament connects with the origin of the m. flexor digitorum sublimis. Hyo-epiglotticum (hyo-epiglottic). Syn.: membrana hyo-epiglottica (Luschka): A wide, strong ligament between the anterior surface of the epiglottis and the upper edge of the hyoid bone. It tightens upon sharp inclination of the epiglottis backward and downward. Hyo-thyreoideum laterale (lateral hyo-thyroid). Syn.: thyreoideum laterale: Fibrous cords extending in the form of a cord from the tips of the cornua majora of the hyoid bone to the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage (the ligament is paired: right and left). Hyo-thyreoideum medium (middle hyo-thyroid). Syn.: thyreoideum medium: The middle of the three ligaments between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. It extends from the incisura thyreoidea sup. to the upper edge of the hyoid bone, passing along the posterior surface of the latter. Ilio-costale (ilio-costal)—see 432. Ilio-femorale (ilio-femoral). Syn.: Bertini, s. superius coxae, s. superius (Weber), suspensorium femoris, s. suspensorium pelvis (Fick): One of the external ligaments of the hip joint. It is the strongest ligament in the human body. It begins from the ilium in the region of the spina os. ilii ant. inf. and attaches to the linea intertrochanterica femoris. Two parts are distinguished in it: the outer one—attaching to the greater trochanter (lig. ilio-femorale sup., s. ilio-trochantericum), and the medial one—attaching to the linea intertrochanterica (lig. femorale ant.).

Prevents the trunk from tilting backward when standing; prevents the free leg from deviating to the side when walking; inhibits strong extension of the thigh (its pars anterior), adduction of the thigh (its pars superior), movement of the pelvis (when walking) toward the free leg, and also limits supination of the thigh (its pars anterior). Ilio-lumbale inf. et sup. [ilio-lumbar (lower and upper)]. Syn.: ilio-costale, s. pelvis ant. (inf. et sup.) s. ilio-lumbale. Ligaments of the sacroiliac joint; they originate from the transverse processes of the IV and V lumbar vertebrae and attach to the posterior part of the crista iliaca, on the sacrum, and the inner surface of the os ilii. Ilio-pectineum (ilio-pectineal). A fascial plate separating the space under the Poupart ligament into the lacuna musculorum and lacuna vasorum. It is formed at the transition of the fascia iliaca from the iliopsoas muscle (under the Poupart ligament) into the fascia pectinea, which covers the pectineus muscle. Ilio-pubicum (ilio-pubic)—see 352. Ilio-sacra postica (posterior ilio-sacral)—see 600 and 603. Ilio-sacrale post. breve (short posterior ilio-sacral)—see 602. Ilio-sacralia interossea (interosseous ilio-sacral)—see 600. 825. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Ilio-sacrum longum (long ilio-sacral)—see 603. Ilio-tibiale (ilio-tibial). Corresponds to the tractus ilio-tibialis fasciae latae (Maissiati). See Thigh. Incudis posterius (posterior of the incus). Syn.: capsulare incudis, s. inferius et superius, s. apicis incudis, s. processus brevis incudis. Ligaments of the incus, of which the posterior serves to connect the crus breve incudis with the fossa incudis on the pars mastoidea; the superior attaches the corpus incudis to the roof of the tympanic cavity. Infundibulo-ovaricum. Connective tissue strands in the thickness of the lig. latum uteri, extending to the fimbriae of the oviduct. Infundibulo-pelvicum (infundibulo-pelvic)—see 670. Inguinale (inguinal). Syn.: Pouparti, s. ilio-pubicum, s. externum, s. Fallopii, s. pubis (Cowperi), s. arcus cruralis, s. crurale. The free (folded) edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen extending from the spina os. ilii ant. sup. to the tuberculum pubicum. It fuses with the fascia iliaca and fascia lata. Inguinale internum (Hesselbachi) (internal inguinal)—see 706. Inguinale reflexum (Collesi) (reflected inguinal). Syn.: triangulare (Krause), s. Gimbernati, s. reflexum (Henle), s. triangulare femoris, s. fascia triangularis (Quain), s. crus medium annuli inguinalis externi. A part of the fibers of the Poupart ligament serving to strengthen the subcutaneous (external) opening of the inguinal canal. It extends along the upper edge of the pubic bone to the anterior surface of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle (to the linea alba), where it terminates. Inhibentia (inhibitory). A general designation for ligaments that inhibit movement. Interannularia (interannular)—see 38. Interarticulare articulationis humeri (Luschka) (interarticular of the shoulder joint). Corresponds to the caput longum m. bicipitis brachii. See Shoulder joint. Interarticulare coxae (interarticular of the hip joint) (literally, interarticular)—see 703. Interbronchiale (interbronchial). Elastic tissue at the site of the tracheal bifurcation. Intercarpea dorsalia (dorsal intercarpal). Syn.: transversalia carpi dorsalia et volaria, s. bifurcata sublime et profundum, s. dorsalia carpi. A general designation for ligaments connecting the dorsal surfaces of the carpal bones. Intercarpea interossea (interosseous intercarpal). Syn.: carpi interossea, s. intercarpea intraarticularia. Short, strong ligaments located inside the joints between the bones of the distal row of the carpus (os multangulum minus, os capitatum, and os hamatum). Intercarpea intraarticularia (intra-articular intercarpal)—see 331. Intercarpea volaria (palmar intercarpal). Syn.: volaria carpi. A general designation for ligaments strengthening the articulatio intercarpea, located between the carpal bones on the palmar surface (see also 161). Interclaviculare (interclavicular). An unpaired ligament running transversely from the sternal end of one clavicle along the incisura jugularis sterni (attaching to it) to the sternal end of the clavicle on the other side. It prevents excessive simultaneous lowering of the clavicles; it holds them in equilibrium (at rest). When one clavicle is lowered, it facilitates the raising of the clavicle on the other side. It strengthens the artic. sterno-clavicularis. Interclinoideum (interclinoid). Ligaments stretched between the processus clinoidei ant. and the proc. clinoidei post. of the sphenoid bone. Intercostalia anteriora interna (anterior internal intercostal). Anterior tendinous bundles of the m. transversus thoracis. Intercostalia externa (external intercostal). Syn.: coruscantia, s. intercartilaginea, s. nitentia, s. propria cartilaginum costalium. Shiny fibrous bundles located in the intercostal spaces (near the sternum), attaching to the costal cartilages of adjacent ribs; the direction of their fibers is the same as the direction of the muscle bundles of the m. intercostales ext., replacing the latter (they are absent in the two lower intercostal spaces, and sometimes in the first). Intercostalia interna (internal intercostal). Auxiliary weak ligaments of the ribs (see also 347) in the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces. The direction of the ligament bundles is the same as that of the mm. intercostales int. Intercostalia posteriora (posterior intercostal). A continuation of the lig. costo-transversarium post. between the mm. intercostales ext. et int. Intercruralia—see 305. 828. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Intercuneiformia dorsalia (dorsal intercuneiform). Ligaments of the dorsum of the foot, which extend between the cuneiform bones (I-II and II-III). Intercuneiformia interossea (interosseous intercuneiform). Syn.: sphenoidoa transversa externum et internum (Barkow). Short intra-articular ligaments between the cuneiform bones of the tarsus. Intercuneiformia plantaria (plantar intercuneiform). Ligaments connecting the cuneiform bones on the plantar surface of the foot. Interfoveolare (Hesselbachi) (interfoveolar). Syn.: posterius, p. m. interfoveolaris, s. pubio-peritonealis (Macalister), s. pubo-rectalis (Braun), s. pubo-transversalis, s. m. tensor laminae post. vaginae m. recti et fasciae transversalis (Gruber), s. plica semilunaris fasciae transversalis. Tendinous bundles of the transverse and internal oblique muscles of the abdomen, strengthening the plate of the transverse fascia of the abdomen in the region of the inguinal canal (interstitium inguinale). A part of these bundles delimits the internal (abdominal) ring of the inguinal canal from the inside and below, being located between the fovea inguinalis medialis et lateralis (see also 325). Interhyoidea (interhyoid). Bundles of connective tissue connecting the lesser horns of the hyoid bone with its body. Interlobulare pulmonum (interlobular of the lungs). Connective tissue between the lobules of the lungs. Intermaxillare (intermaxillary). Corresponds to the raphe pterygo-mandibularis (see also 553). Intermedium cruris (intermediate of the leg). The lower part of the membranae interosseae cruris. Intermusculare brachii (mediale, laterale externum) [intermuscular of the arm (medial, lateral external)]. Corresponds to the septum intermusculare (med., lat.) humeri. See Arm. Intermusculare femoris (lat., mediale et fibulare) [intermuscular of the thigh (lateral, medial and fibular)]. Corresponds to the septum intermusculare (lat., med. et fibulare). See Thigh. Internum mallei (internal of the malleus). The anterior part of the lig. mallei lateralis (see also 440). Interossea ossium metatarsalium (interosseous of the metatarsal bones). Syn.: intermetatarsea (interossea) (Henle), s. metatarsalia lateralia (Weitbrecht), s. metatarsi media (Meckel), s. metatarsi propria lateralia (Weber). Ligaments strengthening the joint capsule of the tarsometatarsal joints and filling the spaces between the metatarsal bones at their bases. Located transversely. Interosseum antibrachii (interosseous of the forearm). Corresponds to the membrana interossea antibrachii. See Forearm. Interosseum cruris (interosseous of the leg). Corresponds to the membrana interossea cruris. See Leg. Interosseum pubis (interosseous of the pubis). Corresponds to the lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica. See Pelvis. Interspinale cervicale durae matris (interspinal cervical of the dura mater). Dense connective tissue strands from the dura mater to the vertebrae (running between the nerve sheaths). Interspinalia (interspinal). Syn.: membrana interspinalis (Weitbrecht). Flat ligaments of the spine, stretched between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. They are strongest in the lumbar region and weakest in the cervical region. Intertarsea (intertarsal). A general designation for ligaments between individual bones of the tarsus. Intertarseum (Hyrtl) (intertarsal). A strong ligamentous mass with short fibers, which is located in the sinus tarsi (see also 678 and 877). Intertransversaria (intertransverse). Syn.: intertransversalia, s. tuberositatum vertebralium. Ligaments of the spine, stretched between the transverse processes of two adjacent vertebrae.

Well-developed in the lumbar region, weakly in the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine. Intervertebrale cervicale (cervical intervertebral): Connective tissue cords connecting the sheaths of the dura mater for the spinal nerves to each other (in the cervical part of the dura mater sac). Intervertebralia (intervertebral): Corresponds to fibrocartilagines intervertebrales (intervertebral cartilages). See Spine. Intestini caeci (Huschke) (of the cecum): Corresponds to plica caecalis. Iridis pectinatum (pectinate of the iris). Syn.: Stenonis—see 508. No. 83. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Function. Ischio-capsulare (ischio-capsular). Syn.: ischio-femorale: Strong ligament of the hip joint. It begins near the tuberositas ossis ischii at the medial edge of the acetabulum and, partially weaving into the zona orbicularis on its path, attaches to the fossa trochanterica femoris. It prevents inward rotation of the thigh, inhibits extension in the hip joint, and limits pronation of the thigh. Ischio-femorale (ischio-femoral)—see 395. Ischio-prostaticum (ischio-prostatic): Part of the fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior. See Prostate gland, Perineum. Ischio-sacralia (ischio-sacral): General designation for lig. sacro-spinosum and lig. sacro-tuberosum. Jugale (connecting)—see 729. Jugale (Luschka) (connecting): General designation for lig. corniculo-pharyngeum (see) and lig. crico-pharyngeum of the larynx (see also 257 and 252). Jugalia ossium sesamoideorum pedis (Arnold) (connecting the sesamoid bones of the foot)—see 134. Laciniatum (split). Syn.: annulare internum malleoli: Wide connective tissue cords reinforcing the continuation of the fascia cruris on the foot in the region of the medial surface of the ankle joint. They begin from the malleolus medialis and stretch to the medial surface of the calcaneus (partly to the os naviculare). Under this ligament, the m. tibialis posterior and m. flexor digitorum longus pass in the synovial sheaths located here. Laciniatum externum (external split). Syn.: laterale: Corresponds to retinaculum musculorum peronaeorum superius. A thickening of the fascia cruris, fixing the distal ends of the peroneal muscles. Laciniatum medullae spinalis (split of the spinal cord)—see 281. Laciniatum metatarsi (Arnoldi) (split of the metatarsus): Part of the lig. plantare longum (see also 530). Lacunare (Gimbernati) (lacunar). Syn.: inguinale (Cowperi): Part of the tendinous fibers separating from the Poupart's ligament and going backward and outward to the pecten pubis, where it attaches. This ligament limits the exit and the internal opening of the femoral canal (canalis femoralis). Lambdoideum (lambdoid)—see 261. Laterale carpi radiale (lateral radial of the wrist)—see 196. Laterale carpi ulnare (lateral ulnar of the wrist)—see 197. Laterale externum articulationis mandibularis (lateral external of the temporomandibular joint)—see 699. Laterale externum articuli pedis (Barkow) (lateral external of the foot joint)—see 114. Laterale externum cubiti (lateral external of the elbow)—see 202. Laterale externum fibulae rectum (lateral external of the fibula [straight])—see 111. Laterale externum genu (lateral external of the knee)—see 198. Laterale internum articulationis mandibularis (lateral internal of the temporomandibular joint)—see 624. Laterale int. articulationis pedis (lateral internal of the foot joint)—see 283. Laterale int. cubiti (lateral internal of the elbow joint)—see 201. Lateralia (lateral): Corresponds to lig. collateralia (see also 205). Lateralia dentis epistrophei (lateral of the dens of the axis)—see 21. Lateralia digitorum manus (lateral of the fingers of the hand)—see 209. Lateralia subtensa (lateral loosely stretched): Cords on the lateral edges of the third phalanges of the fingers of the hand. Latum colli uteri (broad of the cervix uteri)—see 727. Latum epistrophei (broad of the axis): Corresponds to membrana tectoria (see also 182). Latum pulmonis (broad of the lung)—see 571. Latum uteri (broad of the uterus). Syn.: uteri latum: A wide duplication of the peritoneum, extending from the lateral edges of the uterus (in the frontal plane) to the lateral walls of the pelvis. The ligament is considered as the mesometrium of the uterus, mesovarium of the ovary, and mesosalpinx of the oviduct. Lieno-renale (splenorenal)—see 586. Longitudinale abdominis (longitudinal of the abdomen): Corresponds to linea alba. See Linea alba. Longitudinale anterius (anterior longitudinal). Syn.: commune vertebrarum anterius, s. fascia longitudinalis ant., s. lacertus medius (Wrisbergii): A long ligament of the spine, which stretches from the basilar part of the occipital bone along the anterior surface of the bodies of all vertebrae to S1, where it passes into the lig. sacro-coccygeum ant.; its part between the atlas and the axis = lig. atlanto-epistrophicum ant. It forms a passive tension member of the spine. Longitudinale (Barkow) (longitudinal)—see 655. Longitudinale post. (posterior longitudinal). Syn.: medium, s. fascia longitudinalis post., s. commune vertebrarum posterius: A long ligament of the spine, running from the occipital bone downward along the posterior surface of the bodies of all vertebrae to the last sacral (to the end of the sacral canal). Its continuation is called lig. sacro-coccygeum post. profundum (see also 597). It forms a passive tension member of the spine. Longum digitorum manus (Marshall) (long of the fingers of the hand): Corresponds to vinculum tendinum. See Hand. Lumbo-costale (lumbocostal). Syn.: ilio-costale, s. arcus tendineus fasciae lumbo-dorsalis, s. retinaculum costae ultimae: A tendinous plate, the fibers of which go from the I and II lumbar vertebrae to the XII rib. Lumbo-sacrale durae matris (lumbosacral of the dura mater): Connective tissue cords between the dura mater and the vertebral bodies. Lunato-pyramidale (lunotriquetral). Syn.: lunato-triquetrum: Designation for lig. intercarpeum interosseum between the ossa lunatum and triquetrum. Lunato-scaphoideum (lunoscaphoid): Designation for lig. intercarpeum interosseum. Luschka—see 611. Maissiati: Corresponds to tractus ilio-tibialis—the lateral part of the fascia lata of the thigh, reinforced by tendinous fibers. Mallei ant. et post. (Helmholz) (anterior and posterior of the malleus): Anterior and posterior parts of the lig. mallei laterale. Mallei anterius (anterior of the malleus). Syn.: radiatum, s. tympani (Moskwin), s. m. mallei anterior, s. externum, s. m. laxator, s. relaxator tympani major, s. levator tympani minor: One of the ligaments of the malleus, running from the anterior process of the malleus in the region of its (the process's) root on the collum mallei to the fissura petrotympanica of the temporal bone, having passed through which it attaches to the spina angularis of the sphenoid bone. Mallei laterale (lateral of the malleus). Syn.: posterius, s. externum, s. post. mallei int., s. transversum mallei, s. m. mallei externus minor, s. Gasseri, s. Folii, s. m. laxator tympani minor, s. auris externus Folii, s. manubrii mallei: A triangular lateral ligament. It begins from the upper wall of the external auditory canal and attaches to the collum mallei. Mallei superius (superior of the malleus). Syn.: suspensorium mallei: A thin fibrous bundle connecting the head of the malleus with the roof of the tympanic cavity. Malleoli externi inferius (Weitbrecht) (inferior of the lateral malleolus): Part of the lig. malleoli lateralis anterius (see also 445). Malleoli externi intermedium (Barkow) (intermediate of the lateral malleolus): Corresponds to syndesmosis tibiofibularis. See Lower leg. Malleoli externi superius (superior of the lateral malleolus): The lowest part of the membrana interossea cruris. Malleoli lateralis anterius (anterior of the lateral malleolus). Syn.: fibulae, s. tibio-fibulare ant. (Meyer): Accessory ligaments connecting the distal epiphyses of the tibia and fibula on the anterior surface (see also 446). It reinforces the syndesmosis tibiofibularis. Malleoli lateralis interosseum (interosseous of the lateral malleolus): Strong short fibrous cords stretched from the internal rough surface of the lateral malleolus to the corresponding notch of the tibia. This ligament forms the syndesmosis tibiofibularis. Malleoli lateralis posterius (posterior of the lateral malleolus): Accessory ligaments connecting the distal epiphyses of the tibiae et fibulae on the posterior surface. It reinforces the syndesm. tibiofibul. Malleoli lateralis superius (Krause) (superior lateral of the malleolus). Syn.: tibio-fibulare sup.

(Meckel) Accessory ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Mallei (of the handle of the malleus) — see 440. Maxillare laterale (lateral maxillary) — see 699. Maxillare mediale (medial maxillary) — see 624. Meckel's: Part of lig. mallei anterius (see also 439). Medianum glandis (Waldeyer) (median of the glans): Corresponds to the septum glandis penis 454. Medium ant. et posticum dentis epistrophei (Barkow) [median (anterior and posterior) of the tooth of the epistropheus] — see 47. Medium colli costae (median of the neck of the rib) — see 213. Menisci lateralis (Roberti) (lateral of the meniscus) — see 267. Menisco-mandibulare laterale (Sebileau) (lateral menisco-mandibular): Capsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint, extending from the lower edge of the discus articularis to the lower attachment of the capsule on the lateral side. Menisco-mandibulare mediale (Sebileau) (medial menisco-mandibular): Capsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint, extending from the lower edge of the discus articularis to the lower attachment of the joint capsule on the medial side. Menisco-temporale ant. (anterior menisco-temporal): Bundles of fibers weaving into the capsule of the temporomandibular joint and passing in the anterior part of the capsule from the zygomatic arch to the upper edge of the discus articularis. Menisco-temporale post. (posterior menisco-temporal): Bundles of fibers passing from the zygomatic arch in the posterior part of the joint capsule of the temporomandibular joint to the upper edge of the discus articularis. Mesenterico-mesocolicum (Gruber) (Luschka) (intermesenteric): A fold of peritoneum at the lower end of the colon sigmoideum, between the mesentery of the latter and the mesentery of the small intestines. Metatarsi ant. plantare (anterior plantar of the metatarsus) — see 134. Mucosa (mucous): Synovial folds of the wrist joint. Mucosum genu (mucous of the knee). Syn.: patellae, rudimentum septi: Corresponds to the plica synovialis patellaris—a fold of the synovial membrane of the knee joint, filling the space between the articulating bones during the upward sliding of the patella. Natatorium (Grapow) (of swimmers). Syn.: palmare transversum cutaneum: Corresponds to the fasciculi transversi aponeurosis palmaris. Naviculari-lunatum (navicular-lunate): Designation for the lig. intercarpeum interosseum between the os naviculare (manus) and the os lunatum. Naviculari-triquetrum (Hunter) (navicular-triquetral): Part of the lig. collaterale carpi radiale (see also 196). Naviculo-cuboideum interosseum (interosseous navicular-cuboid): A short transverse ligament of the tarsus, between the facing surfaces of the navicular and cuboid bones. Naviculo-cuneiformia dorsalia (dorsal navicular-cuneiform). Syn.: scaphoideo-sphenoidea dorsalia externa et interna, s. scapho-cuneiformia dorsalia (Barkow): General designation for three short ligaments of the dorsum of the tarsus, passing from the os naviculare to the os cuneiforme I, II, III. Naviculo-cuneiformia plantaria (plantar navicular-cuneiform). Syn.: cuneo-navicularia plant., s. scapho-cuneiformia (Lauth), s. scaphoideo-cuneiformia ext., int. et medium (Barkow): Flat ligaments of the tarsus on the plantar side, connecting the os naviculare pedis with the three cuneiform bones (above the tendon of the m. tibialis post.). Naviculo-trapezium laterale (Virchow) (navicular-trapezium): Ligament on the radial side of the os naviculare and os multangulum. Nitentia (shining) — see 367. Nuchae (nuchal). Syn.: raphe mediana cervicalis posterior (Cruveilhier): Continuation of the lig. apicum of the vertebral column (see 49) in the cervical part. It represents a fibrous triangular plate located in the sagittal plane and separating the muscles of the right and left sides of the occipital region from each other. It begins from the spinous processes of all cervical vertebrae and attaches to the crista occipitalis ext. et protuberantia occipitalis ext. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Obliqua digitorum manus (oblique of the fingers of the hand): Obliquely passing fibrous fibers strengthening the vaginae fibrosae of the fingers in the region of the interphalangeal joints. Obliqua genu (oblique of the knee) — see 265 and 268. Obliquum antibrachii (oblique of the forearm): Corresponds to the chorda obliqua. Dense fibrous bundles passing obliquely from top to bottom from the ulna to the radius, attaching to the latter below the tuberositas radii. It strengthens the elbow joint; supports vessels (Fick). Obliquum scapulae (oblique of the scapula) — see 734. Obtectum (covering): Corresponds to the stria longitudinalis lat. corporis callosi. See Corpus callosum. Obturatoria atlantis (obturator of the atlas): Corresponds to the membranae atlanto-occipitales (see also 81 and 82). Obturatorium pelvis (obturator of the pelvis): Corresponds to the membrana obturatoria (249). See Pelvis. Obturatorium post. atlanto-epistrophicum (posterior obturator between the atlas and the epistropheus): Designation for the lig. flavum (see 305) between the atlas and the epistropheus. Obturatorium stapedis (obturator of the stapes): Corresponds to the membrana obturatoria stapedis. See Middle ear. Occipitale ant. medium (Meyer) (anterior median occipital): Initial part of the lig. longitudinale anterius. Occipitale post. accessorium (Meyer) (posterior accessory occipital): Lateral part of the membrana tectoria. Occipito-axiale post. (Quain) (posterior occipito-axial): Corresponds to the membrana tectoria. A wide dense plate beginning in the anterior part of the occipital bone, passing through the foramen occipitale magn. and merging in the region of C1 with the lig. longitudinale posterius. Occipito-axoidale (occipito-axial): Corresponds to the membrana tectoria (see also 485). Occipito-epistrophicum medium et laterale (Cruveilhier) (median and lateral between the occipital bone and the epistropheus): Parts of the membrana tectoria (see also 485). Odontoideum (odontoid) — see 21. Olecrano-humerale (Rauber) (olecranon-humeral): Posterior part of the lig. collaterale ulnare articul. cubiti (see 204). It begins from the epicondylus medialis humeri and attaches to the processus olecranon ulnae. Orbiculare radii (circular of the radius) — see 34. Ossiculorum auditus (of the auditory ossicles): General designation for the ligaments of the auditory ossicles (lig.: capsularia, mallei ant., sup. laterale; incudis sup. et post.; annulare baseos stapedis; membrana obturatoria stapedis (see 26, 349, 439, 440, 442)). Ossis ilium longum (long of the ilium). Syn.: superficiale — see 603. Ossis metatarsi tertii obliquum et rhomboides (Weitbrecht) (oblique and rhomboid of the III metatarsal bone) — see 693. Ossium cuneiformium (of the cuneiform bones): Designation for the lig. intercuneiformia dorsalia, interossea et plantaria. Ossium sesamoideorum (of the sesamoid bones): Ligaments of the sesamoid bones of the foot. Ovarii proprium (proper of the ovary). Syn.: ovarii: Connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers embedded between the leaves of the lig. latum uteri in the form of a bundle passing from the uterus to the extremitas uterina of the ovary. Ovario-pelvicum (ovario-pelvic) — see 670. Palmare (palmar): Corresponds to the aponeurosis palmaris. See Hand. Palmare transversum cutaneum (cutaneous transverse palmar) — see 485. Palpebrale laterale (lateral of the eyelids): Corresponds to the rhaphe palpebralis lateralis. See Eyelids. No. Name (Latin and Russian). Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Palpebrale mediale (medial of the eyelids): Dense connective tissue strands extending from the nasofrontal process of the maxilla to the upper and lower cartilages of the eyelids. It is located just under the skin, anterior to the lacrimal sac. Pancreatico-gastricum (pancreatico-gastric): A small fold of peritoneum in the region of the bursa omentalis, caused by the passage of the a. coronaria ventriculi sinistra under it. Patellae (of the patella). Syn.: patellae ant. (Cruveilhier), s. patellae medium (Nuhn), s. proprium, s. patellare inf. (proprium): A strong ligament of the knee joint region (one of the strongest ligaments in the body). It begins from the apex patellae and attaches to the tuberositas tibiae. It is, as it were, a continuation of the tendon of the m. quadriceps femoris, the contraction of which tenses the ligament at the moment of extension of the lower leg; it fixes the patella when resting on the lower leg. Patellae (Henle) (of the patella): Corresponds to the retinaculum patellae. See Knee joint. Patellae externum (Nuhn) (external of the patella). Syn.: laterale: Corresponds to the retinaculum patellae laterale. See Knee joint. Patellae internum (Nuhn) (internal of the patella). Syn.: mediale: Corresponds to the retinaculum patellae mediale. See Knee joint. Patellae medium (Nuhn) (median of the patella) — see 503. Pectinatum iridis (Huecki) (pectinate of the iris). Syn.: iridis (Stenonis), s. iridis pectinatum: A connective tissue reticular formation of triangular shape (in cross-section). On one side it borders the anterior chamber of the eye, on the other with the ciliary muscle, on the third with the iris, the margo ciliaris of which it connects with the edge of the posterior surface of the cornea. Pelvio-prostaticum capsulare (pelvi-prostatic capsular). Syn.: perinaeale: Part of the fascia diaphragmatica uro-genitalis (syn. fascia prostatae). Pelvis ant. (inf. et sup.) [anterior of the pelvis (lower and upper)] — see 341. Pelvis post. magnum (Meckel) (posterior greater of the pelvis) — see 606. Pelvis post. parvum (Meckel) (posterior lesser of the pelvis) — see 605. Pelvis posticum (posterior of the pelvis) — see 603. Pericardii superius (Beraud) (superior of the pericardium).

Costo-pericardiacum. Connective tissue cords from the fascia praevertebralis (from the bodies of the upper thoracic vertebrae) to the pericardium (and to the large vessels). Perinaeale (Carcassonne) (perineal) - see 731. Peronaeo-tibiale (fibular-tibial). Syn.: capituli fibulae inf. (Barkow). The uppermost bundles of fibers of the membrana interossea cruris. Petioli epiglottidis (Tourtual) (stalk of the epiglottis) - see 709. Petro-sphenoideum anterius (anterior petro-sphenoid). Corresponds to synchondrosis spheno-petrosa. See Skull. Petro-sphenoideum posterius (posterior petro-sphenoid). Syn.: spheno-petrosum posterius. Ligament between the apex of the pyramid of the temporal bone and the posterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone. Pharyngeum (pharyngeal). Syn.: medium. The uppermost part of the rhaphe pharyngis. See Pharynx. Pharyngeum medium et laterale (Tourtual) (middle and lateral pharyngeal). Connective tissue cords reinforcing the fascia pharyngo-basilaris. The middle one extends from the tuberc. pharyngeum downwards, the lateral ones from the edge of the foramen caroticum ext. to the fascia of the same side. Pharyngo-epiglotticum (pharyngo-epiglottic). Elastic bundles of the tendon of the m. stylo-pharyngeus. Phrenico-colicum (phrenico-colic). Syn.: costo-colicum, s. pleuro-colicum, s. sustentaculum lienis. A peritoneal fold extending from the flexura coli sinistra to the parietal peritoneum of the lateral wall of the abdominal cavity. This ligament closes from below the blind sac in which the lower end of the spleen lies. Phrenico-gastricum (dext. et sin.) [phrenico-gastric (right and left)]. Syn.: gastro-phrenicum. A transitional fold of peritoneum from the diaphragm to the cardia and fundus of the stomach. Phrenico-lienale (phrenico-splenic). Syn.: phreno-splenicum, s. suspensorium lienis. A fold of peritoneum from the facies renalis of the spleen to the left kidney and the lower surface of the diaphragm (a remnant of part of the mesogastrium dorsale). Phrenico-pulmonalia (phrenico-pulmonary). Connective tissue bundles of fibers from the roots of the lungs to the edge of the foramen v. cavae. Pinnae (Macalister) - see 84. Piso-hamatum (piso-hamate). Syn.: piso-uncinatum, s. volare ossis pisiformis et hamati (Bartow). A general designation for two strong short ligaments of the joint of the pisiform bone, by means of which the os pisiforme is attached to the base and to the apex of the hook of the os hamati. The ligament is a continuation of the tendon of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris. It lengthens the lever of action of the ulnar flexor of the hand (m. flex. carpi ulnaris). Piso-metacarpeum (piso-metacarpal). Reinforcing the joint of the pisiform bone with the triquetral; a ligament which is a continuation of the tendon of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris and extends from the os pisiforme to the base of the V, and partly IV, metacarpal bone. It lengthens the lever of action of the m. flex. carpi ulnaris. Plantare longum (long plantar). Syn.: calcaneo-cuboideum intimum (Weber), s. longum (Weitbrecht), s. superficiale, s. rectum (Barkow). One of the strongest ligaments of the body. It begins on the tuberosity of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and extends to the base of the II-V metatarsal bones. With short and deep bundles, it attaches to the tuberosity of the cuboid bone. On its way, it passes over the sulcus m. peronaei longi. It is one of the powerful passive ties of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Planum pedis (Weitbrecht) (flat of the foot). Part of the lig. calcaneo-naviculare plantare (see also 120). Planum sinus tarsi (Weitbrecht) (flat of the sinus tarsi) - see 677. Pleuro-colicum (pleuro-colic) - see 523. Plicae synovialis patellaris (Henle) (of the synovial patellar fold). Connective tissue bundles in the plica synovialis patellaris of the knee joint. Popliteum arcuatum (arcuate popliteal). Syn.: popliteum sup. (Krause), s. arcuatum genu, s. arcus popliteus. Bundles of connective tissue fibers reinforcing the capsule of the knee joint and located laterally on the posterior surface of the capsule under the lig. popliteum obliquum. Popliteum externum (external popliteal). Syn.: inferius. The medial part of the lig. arcuatum genu (see also 64). Popliteum obliquum (oblique popliteal). Syn.: internum, s. posticum, s. sup., s. post. superficiale genu (Bourgery, s. Winslowii). A ligament reinforcing the posterior wall of the articular capsule of the knee joint. It begins from the epicondylus lateralis femoris and extends obliquely inwards and downwards to the articular capsule; it receives a portion of the bundles from the tendon of the m. semimembranosus. Posterius capituli costae (posterior of the head of the rib). The posterior part of the capsulae articularis capituli costae. Posterius longum pelvis (posterior long of the pelvis) - see 603. Posterius medianum (Cruveilhier) (posterior median). The posterior part of the articular capsule of the knee joint. Post. superficiale genu (Bourgery) (posterior superficial of the knee) - see 537. Post. vesicae urinariae (Quain) (posterior of the urinary bladder). A fold of the m. recto-vesicalis. See Peritoneum. Pouparti (Poupart's) - see 352. Praeurethrale (Waldeyer) - see 731. Prismaticum (Weitbrecht) (prismatic) - see 703. Processus brevis incudis (of the short process of the incus) - see 349. Proprium cartilaginum costalium (proper of the costal cartilages) - see 367. Proprium dorsale metacarpi (Weber) (proper dorsal of the metacarpus) - see 88. Proprium dorsale tarsi (Weber) (proper dorsal of the tarsus) - see 87. Proprium patellae (proper of the patella) - see 503. Proprium scapulae minimum (proper of the scapula, smallest) - see 733. Proprium scapulae minus (proper of the scapula, small) - see 734. Pterygo-mandibulare (pterygo-mandibular). Syn.: pterygo-maxillare, s. intermaxillare, s. raphe pterygo-mandibularis. A ligament of the mandibular joint, which is a cord of the fascia bucco-pharyngea, extending between the hamulus pterygoideus of the sphenoid bone and the linea mylohyoidea of the mandible. Pterygo-petrosum (Civinini) (pterygo-petrosal) - see 555. Pterygo-spinosum (Civinini) (pterygo-spinous). Syn.: pterygo-petrosum. A thin ligament between the spina angularis and the lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei of the sphenoid bone. As a result of its ossification, the so-called processus pterygo-spinosus and (under it) the foramen pterygo-spinosum are often formed. Pubicum anterius (anterior pubic). Syn.: fibrosum anticum. Bundles of fibers on the anterior surface of the lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica. Pubicum posterius (posterior pubic). Syn.: fibrosum posticum. Bundles of fibers on the posterior surface of the lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica. Pubicum superius (Cooperi) (superior pubic). Syn.: annulare superius (Weber), s. arcuatum sup. pubis, s. cristae pubis, s. transversum pubis. Transverse bundles of fibers extending along the upper edge of the symphysis os. pubis from one tuberculum pubicum to the other. It connects with the adminiculum lineae albae (adminiculum - a triangular ligament from the symphysis os. pubis to the linea alba). It reinforces the pubic symphysis. Pubio-rectale (Denonvillier) (pubo-rectal) - see 667. Pubis anterius (Cruveilhier) (anterior pubic). Corresponds to the lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica. See Pelvis. Pubis ant. cruciatum (Bourgery) (anterior cruciate pubic). Cruciately running fibers of the attachment of the m. rectus abdominis. Pubis (Cowperi) [pubic (Cooper's)] - see 352. Pubis inf. (Cruveilhier) (inferior pubic) - see 68. Pubo-capsulare (pubo-capsular). Syn.: pubo-femorale (Henle). One of the external ligaments reinforcing the articulatio coxae. It begins from the eminentia ilio-pectinea and the superior ramus of the os pubis, weaves into the articular capsule and reaches the inner end of the linea intertrochanterica, attaching in the region of the lesser trochanter of the femur. It inhibits abduction of the thigh (at the end of this movement). Pubo-ischiadicum prostatae (pubo-ischiadic of the prostate). Corresponds to the fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior. See Perineum, Prostate gland. Pubo-prostatica lateralia (in men), pubo-vesicalia lateralia (in women) (lateral pubo-prostatic). Syn.: triangulare urethrae, s. vesicae anteriora. It begins on each side with fibrous cords extending from the posterior surface of the pubic bones (near the lower end of the symphysis, over the lig. arcuatum pubis) and extends to the lateral surfaces of the prostatae. Pubo-prostaticum medium (in men), pubo-vesicale medium (in women) (middle pubo-prostatic). Syn.: pubio-rectale (Denonvillier), s. urethrae. A triangular ligament extending from the posterior edge of the lig. arcuatum pubis to the anterior surface and to the apex of the prostate gland and to the pars membranacea urethrae. Pubo-vesicale (pubo-vesical). Corresponds to the m. pubo-vesicalis. See Urinary bladder. Pubo-vesicale laterale (lateral pubo-vesical) - see. Pubo-vesicale medium (middle pubo-vesical). Corresponds to the lig. pubo-prostaticum medium (see also 537). Pulmonale (pulmonary). Syn.: pulmonis, s. latum pulmonis. A duplication of the pleura, which is a continuation of the pleural covering of the root of the lung, which extends downwards and backwards, being located almost in the frontal plane, to the posterior edge of the lower lobe of the lung and to the pleura mediastinalis. Pylori (of the pylorus).

Syn.: taeniae pylori. Longitudinal muscle bundles on the anterior and posterior surface of the pylorus of the stomach (continuation of the longitudinal layer of the tunica muscularis). Radiale articulationis cubito-carpalis (Meckel) (radial of the wrist joint)—see 196. Radiatum costae (radiate of the rib)—see 129. Radiatum (Mayeri) (radiate)—see 111. Radio-capitato-triquetrum (Gunther) (radio-capitate-triquetral). Syn.: radio-capitatum. Part of the lig. radio-carpeum volare (see also 579). No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Radio-carpeum dorsale (dorsal radio-carpal). Syn.: annulare posterius carpi, s. rhomboideum manus. Strengthening ligaments of the wrist joint, starting from the distal end of the radius and attaching to the bones of the I row of the carpus (os triquetrum, os lunatum, and os naviculare) and to the os capitatum (covered by the lig. carpi dorsale). Inhibits flexion of the hand. Radio-carpeum transversum volare (Gunther) (transverse palmar radio-carpal). Syn.: radio-lunatum profundum et superficiale (Gunther). Part of the lig. radio-carpeum volare (see also 579). Radio-carpeum volare (palmar radio-carpal). Ligament of the wrist joint. Starts from the processus styloideus radii and the palmar edge of the articular surface of the radius and attaches to the os triquetrum, os lunatum, os capitatum, etc. Inhibits extension of the hand. Rectale (Quain) (rectal). Thickened strands of the fascia pelvis. Recto-uterina (recto-uterine). Fibrous strands embedded in the thickness of the peritoneal ligament plicae recto-uterinae. See Uterus, Rectum. Rectum longitudinale (longitudinal rectal)—see 90. Rectum longitudinale metatarsi (Weitbrecht) (longitudinal rectal of the metatarsus)—see 696. Rectum medium (Meckel) (middle rectal)—see 47. Reflexum (Collesi) (reflected)—see 351. Reno-lienale (reno-lienal). Syn.: lieno-renale. A fold of the peritoneum extending from the spleen to the peritoneum of the left kidney region. Rhomboides claviculae (rhomboid of the clavicle)—see 212. Rhomboideum manus (rhomboid of the hand)—see 677. Roberti—see 267. Rotundum acetabuli (round of the acetabulum)—see 703. Rotundum uteri (round of the uterus)—see 708. Sacciforme (sacciform). Corresponds to the capsula articularis articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis. Sacculorum (Ruedinger) (of the saccules). Connective tissue strands strengthening the utriculus and sacculus. Sacro-coccygea articularia (articular sacro-coccygeal). Syn.: postica brevis. Short ligaments connecting the cornua of the sacrum with the cornua of the coccyx. They are the lateral parts of the lig. sacro-coccygeum post. superficiale (see also 599). Limit the mobility of the coccyx. Sacro-coccygeum anterius (anterior sacro-coccygeal). Triangular ligament between the sacrum and the coccyx. Extends from the pelvic surface of the apex of the sacrum to the anterior surface of the I coccygeal vertebra. Limits the mobility of the coccyx. Sacro-coccygeum laterale (lateral sacro-coccygeal). Syn.: post. breve (Barkow), s. post. breve et externum. Lateral ligament between the sacrum and the coccyx (on each side). Runs from the lateral edge of the sacrum to the processus transversus of the I coccygeal vertebra. Limits the mobility of the coccyx. Sacro-coccygeum posterius profundum (posterior sacro-coccygeal deep). Syn.: posterius (Arnold), s. medium (Krause), s. posticum profundum, s. stratum profundum lig. sacro-coccygei post. longi (Barkow). One of the ligaments of the synchondrosis sacro-coccygea. Extends along the posterior surface of the last sacral and I-II coccygeal vertebrae. Limits the mobility of the coccyx. Sacro-coccygeum posterius superficiale (posterior sacro-coccygeal superficial). Syn.: posterius (Krause), s. post. et internum (Weber), s. posticum superficiale, s. coccygeum post. superficiale, s. stratum superficiale lig. sacro-coccygei post. longi. Strong, superficially located, quadrangular ligament of the synchondrosis sacro-coccygea. Attaches to the sacral and coccygeal cornua and to the posterior surface of the II coccygeal vertebra. Limits the mobility of the coccyx. Sacro-iliaca anteriora (anterior sacro-iliac). Syn.: superiora, s. vaga anteriora. Ligaments of the sacro-iliac joint. Short, obliquely and transversely running strands between the sacrum and the ilium. Strengthen the capsular ligament from the front, prevent the sacrum from sinking under weight and the pelvic ring from spreading.

LIGAMENTS

No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Sacro-iliaca interossea (interosseous sacro-iliac). Syn.: ilio-sacralia interossea, s. vaga posteriora, s. ilio-sacralia postica. Transverse and oblique ligaments, stretched between the sacrum and the ilium, filling (posteriorly) the depression between the posterior surface of the sacrum and the tuberositas iliaca. They prevent the descent of the sacrum under the weight of the body. Sacro-iliacum obliquum dorsale (Fick) (oblique sacro-iliac dorsal) - see 602. Sacro-iliacum post. breve [oblique sacro-iliac (posterior, short)]. Syn.: ilio-sacrale posterius breve, s. accessorium vagum, s. obliquum dorsale (Fick). Auxiliary ligament, strengthening the sacro-iliac joint. It extends from the crista sacralis lateralis to the spina iliaca post. inferior. It prevents the descent of the sacrum under the weight of the body and the spreading of the pelvic ring. Sacro-iliacum post. longum (posterior sacro-iliac long). Syn.: ilio-sacrum longum, s. obliquum, s. posticum, p. profundum, s. vertebrale (Cruveilhier), s. sacro-spinosum (Bichat), s. accessorium vagum, s. ossis ilium longum, s. superficiale, s. pelvis posticum, s. posterius longum pelvis (Weitbrecht), s. sacro-iliacum rectum dorsale (Fick). Strong, long ligament, strengthening the sacro-iliac joint posteriorly. It runs in an ascending direction from the posterior surface of the sacrum in the region of S_III - IV, partially covering the lig. sacro-iliacum post. breve, to the spina iliaca post. sup., where it terminates. It prevents the descent of the sacrum under the weight of the body and the spreading of the pelvic ring. Sacro-iliacum rectum dorsale (Fick) (straight sacro-iliac dorsal) - see 603. Sacro-spinosum (sacro-spinous). Syn.: sacro-ischiadicum internum, s. minus, s. pelvis post. parvum, s. spino-sacrum. Strong ligament of the pelvis, separating the foramen ischiadicum majus from the foramen ischiadicum minus. It extends from the lateral edges of the last sacral vertebra, as well as from the coccygeal vertebrae, outward, forward, and downward to the spina ischiadica. On its path, this ligament crosses the lig. sacro-tuberosum (see 606) anteriorly. See Pelvis. Sacro-tuberosum (sacro-tuberous). Syn.: tuberoso-sacrum, s. sacro-ischiadicum majus, s. pelvis post. magnum (Meckel). Strong ligament of the pelvis, limiting the foramen ischiadicum minus from below. It extends from the free edge of the sacrum and coccyx downward and forward to the medial surface of the tuber ischii. In the upper part, it merges with the lig. sacro-iliacum post. longum (see 603). See Pelvis. Sacro-uterina (sacro-uterine) - see 771. Salpingo-pharyngea (salpingo-pharyngeal). Connective tissue cords, which extend to the sides from the membranous parts of the auditory (Eustachian) tubes to the wall of the pharynx, where they are lost. They serve as support for the walls of the pharynx. Corresponds to fascia salpingo-pharyngea (according to Tröltsch). 609 Santorini (Santorini's) - see 252. Scapho-cuboideum dorsale (Meckel) (scapho-cuboid dorsal) - see 271. 611 Scapho-cuneiformia dorsalia (scapho-cuneiform dorsal) - see 469. Scaphoideo-cuneiformia (externum, internum et medium) (Barkow) (external, internal, and middle scapho-cuneiform) - see 470. Scapho-cuneiformia (Lauth) (scapho-cuneiform) - see 470. Scaphoideo-sphenoideum dorsale (ext. et int.) (Barkow) [dorsal scapho-cuneiform (external and internal)] - see 463. Scapulae (of the scapula). General designation of the ligaments of the scapula: lig. coraco-acromiale, transversum scapulae sup. et inf. (see corresponding ligaments) (228, 734 and 733). 616 Scapulae posterius (posterior of the scapula). Syn.: proprium, s. proprium post. - see 734. Scapulae proprium transversum anterius (proper transverse of the scapula). Syn.: majus - see 228. 618 Schlemmii. Bundle of fibers in the lower part of the capsula articularis humeri. Scrotale testis (Waldeyer) (scrotal of the testis). Corresponds to gubernaculum testis. See Gubernaculum Hunteri. Serosa (serous). Folds or cords, duplicatures of the serous coverings of the peritoneum, pleura, e.g., lig. hepato-gastricum, lig. pulmonale, etc. Serratum medullae spinalis (serrated of the spinal cord) - see 284. 622 623 Sphenoideo-cuboideum dorsale transversum (dorsal spheno-cuboid transverse) - see 275. Sphenoideo-metatarsea plantaria int. (Barkow) (plantar spheno-metatarsal internal) - see 696. No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site/Position. Purpose (function). Spheno-mandibulare (spheno-mandibular). Syn.: spheno-maxillare, s. accessorium mediale (Henle), s. internum, s. laterale intern. articulationis mandibularis, s. maxillare mediale. Extracapsular ligament of the jaw joint. It begins from the spina angularis of the sphenoid bone and, having divided into three bundles, attaches with the I bundle - deep - to the neck of the articular process of the mandible, the II - middle - to the lingula mandibulae, the III - superficial - to the inner-posterior edge of the lower part of the ascending ramus of the mandibulae. It holds the mandible (at the moment of muscle rest) in contact with the articular fossa. It provides resistance to hinge movement in the joint. Spheno-petrosum anterius (anterior spheno-petrosal). Corresponds to synchondrosis spheno-petrosa. Spheno-petrosum posterius (Gruber) (posterior spheno-petrosal) - see 619. Spino-glenoideum (Macalister, Quain) (spino-glenoid) - see 733. Spino-scapulare (Mollier) (spino-scapular). A special thickened cord of the fascia dorsi, stretched from the spinous processes of D_V and V_I to the lower angle of the scapula. The ligament reduces the movement of the lower angle of the scapula forward. Spinoso-sacrum (spino-sacral) - see 605. Spirale cochleae (spiral of the cochlea). Syn.: membranae basilaris. Thickening of the periosteum on the inner surface of the cochlear canal on the side opposite to the position of the bony spiral lamina. Connective tissue cords from the lamina basilaris to the periosteum. Splenico-gastricum (spleno-gastric) - see 311. Spurium vesicae (false of the bladder). Designation of the fold of the m. recto-vesicalis. See Urinary bladder. Sterno-cardiacum (inf. et sup.) (Luschka) [sterno-cardiac (inferior and superior)] - see 641. Sterno-claviculare (sterno-clavicular). Syn.: fibrosum (ant. et post.). One of the strengthening ligaments of the capsule of the articulatio sterno-clavicularis. A strong ligament running from the manubrium of the sternum upward and outward, attaching with its second end to the sternal end of the clavicle. It prevents excessive lowering of the clavicle. Sterno-claviculare anterius (anterior sterno-clavicular) - see 242. Sterno-costale interarticulare (interarticular sterno-costal). Syn.: interarticulare chondro-sternale (Quain), s. cartilago costalis interarticularis, s. intraarticulare. Intra-articular ligament of the joints between the costal cartilages and the sternum. These short ligaments extend from the incisura costalis sterni to the costal cartilage of the corresponding rib. They are present at the cartilages of the II-V ribs. Sterno-costale intraarticulare (intra-articular sterno-costal) - see 633. Sterno-costalia radiata anteriora (anterior radiate sterno-costal) - see 639. Sterno-costalia radiata (radiate sterno-costal). Syn.: costo-sternalia. Auxiliary ligaments of the capsule of the joints between the costal cartilages and the sternum. Bundles originate from the perichondrium of the ends of the cartilages and weave into the periosteum of the sternum. The anterior one, together with the periosteum of the sternum, forms the shiny membrana sterni. Sterno-costalia radiata posteriora (posterior radiate sterno-costal) - see 639. Sterno-pericardiaca (Luschka) (sterno-pericardial). Syn.: xipho-pericardiaca, s. sterno-cardiaca (inf. et sup.). Two large fibrous cords connecting the anterior wall of the pericardial sac with the posterior surface of the sternum. Sterno-xiphoidea (sterno-xiphoid). Short ligaments, stretched in a certain direction from the anterior surface of the lower end of the body of the sternum to its xiphoid process. They supplement the lig. costo-xiphoidea (see also 247). Stylo-hyoideum (stylo-hyoid). A thin elastic ligament running from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horns of the hyoid bone. Stylo-mandibulare (stylo-mandibular). Syn.: stylo-maxillare, s. stylo-myloideum. A weak ligament of the mandible. It begins from the processus styloideus of the temporal bone and attaches to the posterior edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible (to the angle). Stylo-mylo-hyoideum (stylo-mylo-hyoid). General designation for the lig. stylo-mandibulare et stylo-hyoideum. Subcruentum. Bundles of part of the articular capsule of the wrist joint, attaching to the proc. styloideus ulnae. Subflava (yellowish) - see 305. Subpubicum (subpubic) - see 58. No. Latin and Russian name. Synonyms. Attachment site. Position. Purpose (function). Superficialia carpi (superficial of the wrist). Corresponds to lig. radio-carpea (577-679). Superius coxae (superior of the hip joint) - see 340. Superius diaphragmatis (superior of the diaphragm). Connective tissue cords from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the tendinous center of the diaphragm. Superius humeri (superior of the shoulder) - see 234. Superius (Weber) (superior) - see 340. Suprascapulare (supra-scapular) - see 734. Supraspinale (supra-spinous). Syn.: apicum, s. longitudinale (Barkow). Ligamentous cords, stretched between the tips of the spinous processes of all lumbar and thoracic vertebrae up to C_VII, where it merges with the lig. nuchae (see 473).

Bundles of this ligament also merge with lig. interspinalia (see 386) (see also 49). 65S Suspensoria glandulae thyreoideae (medium et lateralia) [suspensory ligaments of the thyroid gland (median and lateral)]—see 317. Suspensorium axillae (Gerdy) (axillary suspensory ligament). Bundles running from the fascia coracoclavicularis to connect with the fascia axillaris (from the thoracic region to the axillary region). Suspensorium clitoridis (suspensory ligament of the clitoris). A connective tissue elastic ligament extending from the symphysis of the pubic bones to the dorsum of the clitoris. Suspensorium dentis posterius (Luschka) (epistrophei) [posterior suspensory ligament of the tooth (of the epistropheus)]—see 47. Suspensorium glandulae lacrimalis (suspensory ligament of the lacrimal gland). Syn.: Soemmeringi. Connective tissue bundles attaching the gl. lacrimalis sup. to the periosteum of the upper wall of the orbit. Suspensorium hepatis (suspensory ligament of the liver)—see 301. Suspensorium humeri (suspensory ligament of the humerus)—see 234. Suspensorium laterale penis (Heile). Lateral suspensory muscle of the penis. Bundles of connective tissue connecting the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa of the penis with the inferior rami of the pubic bones. Suspensorium lentis (suspensory ligament of the lens). Corresponds to zonula ciliaris. See Eye. Suspensorium lienis (suspensory ligament of the spleen)—see 625. Suspensorium mallei (suspensory ligament of the malleus)—see 441. Suspensorium mammae (Giraldes) (suspensory ligament of the mammary gland). Connective tissue plates from the fascia superficialis of the thoracic region, forming a kind of capsule for the gland. Suspensorium mammae (Cooper) (suspensory ligament of the mammary gland). Corresponds to retinaculum mammae. Connective tissue strands between the gland and the subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as the fascia of the m. pectoralis major. Suspensorium oculi (Lockwood) (suspensory ligament of the eye). The lower part of the septum orbitale. Suspensorium ovarii (Clado) (suspensory ligament of the ovary). Syn.: infundibulopelvicum, s. ovariopelvicum. A short (about 2 cm long) fold of peritoneum—part of the lig. latum uteri (see 425) near the lateral wall of the lesser pelvis. In the thickness of this fold, the a. and v. ovarica pass to the ovary. Suspensorium penis (suspensory ligament of the penis). Syn.: superficiale. An unpaired triangular connective tissue plate running from the anterior surface of the symphysis ossis pubis downward to the dorsum of the penis. Suspensorium penis profundum (deep suspensory ligament of the penis). Tendinous fibers from the site of attachment of the m. recti abdominis to the penis. Suspensorium trochleare (suspensory ligament of the trochlea). A short bundle of connective tissue strengthening the trochlea (for the m. obliquus sup.) on the fovea trochlearis or on the spina trochlearis. Suspensorium vesicae urinariae (suspensory ligament of the urinary bladder). Corresponds to lig. umbilicale medium (see 765). Talo-calcaneum anterius (anterior talocalcaneal). Syn.: interosseum, s. apparatus ligamentosus sinus tarsi. One of the ligaments of the talocalcaneal joint. Connects the talus and calcaneus in the region of the entrance to the sinus tarsi. Together with the lig. talo-calcaneum interosseum (see), it fills the sinus tarsi, forming its apparatus ligamentosus. No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Site of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Talo-calcaneum interosseum (interosseous talocalcaneal). Syn.: astragalo-calcaneum interosseum, s. posterius (Barkow), s. astragalo-scaphoideum interosseum, s. apparatus ligamentosus sinus tarsi. A strong ligament of the talocalcaneal joint, firmly connecting the sulcus tali and sulcus calcanei. The medial part = lig. astragalo-calcaneum int. ant. Together with the lig. talo-calcaneum ant. (see 675), it fills the sinus tarsi, forming the apparatus ligamentosus sinus tarsi. Limits rotation, pronation, and supination of the foot. 677 Talo-calcaneum laterale (lateral talocalcaneal). Syn.: astragalo-calcaneum interosseum ant. (Barkow), s. apparatus ligamentosus tarsi (Krause), s. planum sinus tarsi (Weitbrecht). Lateral ligament of the talocalcaneal joint. Connects the talus and the lateral surface of the calcaneus (near its facies articularis post.). Talo-calcaneum mediale (medial talocalcaneal). Auxiliary ligament of the talocalcaneal joint, which extends from the sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi to the sustentaculum tali. Talo-calcaneum mediale superficiale horizontale (Fick) (medial talocalcaneal superficial, horizontal). A fibrous bundle which extends from the processus post. tali to the sustentaculum tali of the os calcanei. Talo-calcaneum posterius (posterior talocalcaneal). Syn.: astragalo-calcaneum posterius (Meckel). Auxiliary ligament of the talocalcaneal joint. It is located on the posterior surface of the joint and extends from the lateral edge of the sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi of the talus to the upper surface of the calcaneus. Talo-fibulare anterius (anterior talofibular). Syn.: fibulae ant. (Weitbrecht), s. fibulae tali ant. (Barkow), s. externum (Meckel) et post., s. fibulae post. (Weitbrecht), s. fibulare tali post. superficiale et profundum (Meckel). Auxiliary ligament of the ankle joint. It begins on the anterior surface (edge) of the lateral malleolus and attaches to the anterior edge of the lateral articular surface of the trochlea of the talus and the lateral surface of the collum tali. It inhibits extreme dorsiflexion of the foot. Talo-fibulare posterius (posterior talofibular). The strongest of the three auxiliary ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle joint. It extends from the fossa of the lateral malleolus to the processus post. tali. It limits extreme dorsiflexion of the foot. Talo-naviculare dorsale (dorsal talonavicular). Syn.: dorsale talo-naviculare, s. astragalo-scaphoideum externum et medium (Barkow), s. internum, s. obliquum ascendens (Barkow). A wide ligament of the dorsum of the foot. Connects the neck of the talus with the dorsal surface of the os naviculare. Talo-naviculare internum (internal talonavicular). A ligament located medially from the lig. talo-naviculare dorsale (see 683). Talo-tibiale anterius (anterior talotibial). Syn.: anticum et posterius, s. posticum (Meyer). One of the four ligaments included in the lig. deltoideum pedis (see 283). A short ligament running from the malleolus medialis to the medial surface of the talus (near its facies malleolaris medialis). It inhibits extreme dorsiflexion of the foot. Talo-tibiale posterius (posterior talotibial). One of the four ligaments constituting the lig. deltoideum pedis (see 283); it extends from the malleolus medialis to the processus post. tali and to the posterior edge of the medial surface of the trochlea of the talus. It limits extreme dorsiflexion of the foot. Tarseum transversum mediale et laterale (Henle) [transverse (medial and lateral) tarsal]. Plantar ligaments strengthening the Lisfranc joint. Two transverse elongated bundles of fibers. Between the bases of the os metatarsale V and the II–III ossa cuneiformia. They form a passive tie of the transverse arch of the foot. Tarsi anterius (anterior tarsal)—see 264. Tarsi dorsalia (dorsal tarsal). General designation for the dorsal ligaments of the foot in the tarsal region: lig. talo-naviculare, cuneo-cuboideum dorsale, bifurcatum, calcaneo-naviculare dorsale et naviculo-cuneiformia dorsalia (see corresponding ligaments). Tarsi interossea (interosseous tarsal). General designation for the dorsal ligaments of the foot located between individual tarsal bones: lig. talo-calcaneum interosseum, cuneo-cuboideum interosseum et intercuneiformia interossea (see corresponding ligaments). Tarsi plantaria (plantar tarsal). General designation for the plantar ligaments of the tarsus: lig. plantare longum, calcaneo-cuboideum plantare, calcaneo-naviculare plantare, naviculo-cuneiformia plantaria, cuboideo-naviculare plant., intercuneiformia plant., cuneo-cuboideum plant. (see corresponding ligaments). Except for the first one listed, all belong to the deep plantar ligaments. Tarsi sup. et inf. (of the upper and lower cartilages). Part of the septum orbitale—a thin connective tissue plate connecting the concave edge of both eyelid cartilages with the edge of the orbit. 693 1 Tarso-calcaneum dorsale (Krause) (dorsal tarsocalcaneal)—see 104. No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Site of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Tarso-calcaneum plantare (plantar tarsocalcaneal)—see 109. Tarso-metatarsea dorsalia (dorsal tarsometatarsal). Syn.: bigemina, s. trigemina (Arnold). Ligaments strengthening the articulationes tarso-metatarseae, located on the dorsal side of the foot, numbering 6–8. Tarso-metatarsea plantaria (plantar tarsometatarsal). Syn.: bifurcata profunda (Arnold), s. cuboideo-metatarsea longa (Barkow), s. recta longitudinalia metatarsi (Weitbrecht), s. sphenoideo-metatarsea plantaria interna (Barkow), s. sphenoideo-tarsea. Reinforcing the joint capsules of the articulationes tarso-metatarseae with 8 plantar ligaments (e.g., lig. ossis metatarsi tertii obliquum et rhomboides), located partly superficially and partly deeply. Tarso-navicularia dorsalia (dorsal tarsonavicular)—see 271. Tectorium (tectorial). Corresponds to membrana tectoria. A wide ligament covering the ligamentous apparatus between C1–2 and the occipital bone. It begins from the lig. longitudinale post. (see 430) and passes into the dura mater. Temporo-mandibulare (temporomandibular).

Syn.: accessor, laterale (Henle), s. externum articulationis mandibularis, s. maxillare laterale. Extracapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint. It attaches to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (to the zygomatic arch) and to the neck of the articular process of the mandible. In it, one distinguishes anterior and posterior sections with different directions of fibers. It holds the mandible in contact with the articular fossa at the moment of rest. It provides resistance to hinge movement in the joint. Teres acetabuli (round of the acetabulum)—see 703. Teres antibrachii (round of the forearm). Corresponds to chorda obliqua (see 473). See Forearm. Teres capituli costae (Cloquet) (round of the head of the rib)—see 127. Teres femoris (round of the femur). Syn.: capsulare internum coxae, s. interarticulare coxae, s. prismaticum (Weitbrecht), s. rotundum acetabuli, s. teres acetabuli, s. plica interarticularis coxae, s. synovialis coxae, s. triquetrum. Intra-articular ligament of the hip joint. It begins with a broad base from the fat pad of the floor of the acetabular fossa (fossa acetabuli) and from the lig. transversum acetabuli (see 724) and, gradually narrowing, attaches to the fovea capitis femoris. Inside the ligament, blood vessels run to the head of the femur. It softens shocks in the hip joint; increases the congruence of the articular surfaces; limits supination of the thigh in its flexed position. Teres hepatis (round of the liver). Syn.: hepato-umbilicale. The free thickened edge of the lig. falciforme hepatis (see 301), extending from the navel to the left anterior notch of the liver and containing the obliterated umbilical vein (v. umbilicalis). Teres sinuositatis tarsi (Weitbrecht) (round of the sinus tarsi). Part of the lig. talo-calcaneum interosseum (see 676). Teres uteri (round of the uterus). Syn.: inguinale int. (Hesselbachi), s. rotundum uteri, s. crus, s. funiculus uteri. A cord of smooth muscle fibers and fibrous tissue, departing from both sides of the upper part of the body of the uterus (near the departure of the oviducts from the latter). It runs in the thickness of the lig. latum uteri, then enters the inguinal canal and, having exited through its subcutaneous opening, is lost in the adipose tissue of the labia majora. The muscle bundles are a direct continuation of the muscle layer of the uterus. 707. Thyreo-arytaenoidea inferiora (lower thyro-arytenoid)—see 794. Thyreo-arytaenoideum superius (upper thyro-arytenoid)—see 782. Thyreo-epiglotticum (thyro-epiglottic). Syn.: petioli epiglottidis (Tourtual). A triangular elastic ligament of the larynx, attaching the stalk (petiolus epiglottidis) of the epiglottis to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, directly below the incisura thyreoidea superior. Thyreoideum laterale (lateral thyroid)—see 337. Thyreoideum medium (middle thyroid)—see 338. Tibio-calcaneo-naviculare (tibio-calcaneo-navicular)—see 122. Tibio-fibulare anterius (anterior tibio-fibular)—see 130. Tibio-fibulare ant. (Meyer) (anterior tibio-fibular)—see 445. Tibio-fibulare superius (Meckel) (superior tibio-fibular)—see 448. Tibio-fibulare transversum (transverse tibio-fibular). The upper part of the lig. malleoli lateralis post. (see 447). Long and thin cords having an almost horizontal direction. Ligaments No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). Tibio-naviculare (tibio-navicular). Syn.: anterius internum articulationis talo-cruralis (Meckel). One of the four ligaments constituting the lig. deltoideum pedis. The anterior section of the lig. deltoideum stretches from the medial malleolus forward to the dorsal surface of the os naviculare (pedis). It inhibits extreme dorsal flexion of the foot. Transversa capitulorum metacarpalium (transverse of the heads of the metacarpal bones). Syn.: metacarpi—see 91. Transversale externum lig. fibrocartilaginei acetabuli (Meckel) (transverse external of the fibrocartilaginous ligament of the acetabulum)—see 724. Transversale internum articulationis coxae (Weitbrecht) (transverse internal of the hip joint). Part of the labrum glenoidale articulationis coxae. Transversarium externum (external transverse)—see 757. Transversarium internum longum (internal transverse long)—see 213. Transversarium post. metatarsi longum (Arnold) (posterior transverse of the tarsus long)—see 760. Transversum acetabuli (transverse of the acetabulum). Syn.: transversale externum lig. fibrocartilaginei acetabuli (Meckel). Accessory connective tissue bundles of the labrum glenoidale articulationis coxae in the place where the latter is bridged over the incisura acetabuli. Transversum atlantis (transverse of the atlas). The transverse, stronger part of the lig. cruciatum atlantis (see 263), stretched behind the odontoid process of the epistropheus between the inner surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas. Together with the anterior arch of the atlas, it fixes the processus odontoideus. It is separated from the latter by a synovial bursa. Transversum carpi (transverse of the carpus)—see 164. Transversum colli uteri (Mackenrodt) (transverse of the cervix of the uterus). Syn.: latum colli uteri. Cords of smooth muscle fibers in the lig. latum uteri. Transversum cruris (transverse of the crus). Syn.: vaginale cruris, s. tibiae. Transversely running, dense cords in the lower section of the fasciae cruris. This ligament runs from the anterior crest of the tibiae to the anterior crest and lateral surface of the fibulae. Transversum genu (transverse of the knee). Syn.: commune genu (Weber), s. transversum cartilaginum semilunarium (Weitbrecht), s. jugale. An inconstant short intra-articular ligament of the knee joint, stretched between the anterior ends of the lateral and medial menisci. Transversum mallei (transverse of the malleus)—see 440. Transversum pelvis (Henle) (transverse of the pelvis). Syn.: interosseum pubis (Winslow), s. perinaeale (Carcassonne), s. praeurethrale (Waldeyer), s. triangulare urethrae (Collesi). Strong, transversely running bundles of fibers of the fascia diaphragmatis uro-genitalis inf., attached to the pubic bones under the pubic symphysis. Between this ligament and the lig. arcuatum pubis (see 58) remains a slit through which the v. dorsalis penis passes into the pelvis. Under the ligament, on both sides, run the n. et a. dorsalis penis. Transversum pubis (transverse of the pubis)—see 558. Transversum scapulae inferius (inferior transverse of the scapula). Syn.: minimum, s. proprium scapulae minimum, s. spino-glenoideum (Macalister et Quain), s. triangulare scapulae (Weitbrecht), s. triquetrum scapulae. A small flat ligament of the scapula, thrown over the groove of the collum scapulae between the edge of the cavitas glenoidalis and the root of the processus acromion. Transversum scapulae superius (superior transverse of the scapula). Syn.: coraco-costoideum (Meckel), s. costo-coracoideum, s. coracoideum scapulae, s. obliquum scapulae, s. proprium scapulae minus, s. posterius, s. proprium posterius, s. suprascapulare. Fibrous bundles, thrown in the form of a bridge over the incisura scapulae and forming together with the latter an opening through which the nervus suprascapularis passes (the art. et vena transversa scapulae more often pass through the ligament). Trapezio-trapezoideum. Designation of the lig. intercarpeum interosseum between the os multangulum majus et minus. Trapezium (trapezoid)—see 283. Trapezoideum (trapezoid). Syn.: trapezoides articulationis acromio-clavicularis, s. trapezoideum (Weitbrecht), s. coraco-claviculare ext. The lower or anterior part of the lig. coraco-claviculare (see 230), having the appearance of a quadrangle. It strengthens the artic. acromio-clavicularis. Triangulare (triangular)—see 228. Ligaments No. Name in Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function). 739. Triangulare (Collesi, Luschka) (triangular). Corresponds to the fascia diaphragmatis uro-genitalis superior. Triangulare femoris (triangular of the femur)—see 354. Triangulare Gimbernati (Gimbernat's triangular). Syn.: Scarpae. Corresponds to the cornu superius marginis falciformis fasciae latae. Triangulare hepatis (dext. et sin.) [triangular of the liver (right and left)]. Free thinned edges (right and left) of the lig. coronarium hepatis (see 238). Triangulare (Krause) [triangular (Krause)]—see 354. Triangulare lineae albae (triangular of the linea alba). Corresponds to the adminiculum lineae albae—a triangular, strengthening ligament on the pubic symphysis, which passes into the linea alba. Triangulare (Pfitzner) (triangular). Corresponds to the discus articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis. Triangulare scapulae (Weitbrecht) (triangular of the scapula)—see 733. Triangulare urethrae (triangular of the urethra)—see 565. Triangulare urethrae (Collesi) (triangular of the urethra)—see 731. Triangulare urethrae (Hyrtl) [triangular of the urethra (Hyrtl)]. Corresponds to the trigonum uro-genitale. See Perineum, Penis. Triangulare vesicae ant. (anterior triangular of the bladder)—see 668. Trigeminum (Arnold) (trigeminal)—see 695. Triquetrum (Tourtual) (triangular)—see 251. Triquetrum pedis (Meckel) (triangular of the foot)—see 114. Triquetrum scapulae (triangular of the scapula)—see 733. Trochleare (trochlear)—see 133. Tuberculi costae (of the tubercle of the rib)—see 757 and 758. Tuberculi costae inf. (lower of the tubercle of the rib). Syn.: costo-transversarium tuberculi, s. breve post.

(Krause), s. transversarium externum. Quadrilateral ligament of the costal tubercle joint, stretched from the apex of the processus transversus vertebrae to the posterior surface of the tuberculi costae.

Tuberculi costae superius (superior of the costal tubercle). Accessory bundles (ligament) of fibers to the lig. costo-transversarium ant. (see 243).

Tuberositatum vertebralium (vertebral tuberosities)—see 390.

Tuberoso-sacrum (tubero-sacral)—see 606.

Tubo-ovaricum (tubo-ovarian). Peritoneal fold near the fimbria ovarica.

Ulno-carpeum volare (H. Virchow, Fick) (ulno-carpal). Palmar ligament strengthening the wrist joint. Begins from the palmar edge of the discus articularis and the base of the processus styloidei ulnae to the os lunatum, os capitatum, and os triquetrum. See lig. carpi arcuatum volare (150). Inhibits extension of the hand.

Ulno-radio-lunatum volare (Gunther) (ulno-radio-lunate). Part of the lig. radio-carpeum volare (see 579).

Ulno-vaginale (Gunther) (ulno-vaginal). Part of the lig. carpi transversum (see 164).

Umbilicale medium (median umbilical). Syn.: mediale, s. urachi, s. anterius vesicae, s. suspensorium vesicae urinariae, s. vesicale medium. Connective tissue cord running from the apex of the urinary bladder to the navel. It is a remnant of the so-called urinary duct—urachus. It causes the presence of a fold on the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall—plica vesico-umbilicalis medialis.

Umbilicalia lateralia (lateral umbilical). Syn.: chordae arteriarum umbilicalium, s. vesicalia lateralia, s. vesico-umbilicalia. Connective tissue cords running from the a. hypogastrica dext. et sin. to the lateral walls of the urinary bladder, and then rising upward under the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall to the navel. They are obliterated umbilical arteries. They cause the presence of peritoneal folds—plicae vesico-umbilicales laterales.

Urethrae (of the urethra)—see 537.

Uteri ant. inferius (anterior inferior of the uterus). Corresponds to the plica vesico-uterina. See Uterus, Peritoneum ligaments.

Nos. Name Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function).

Uteri latum (broad of the uterus)—see 425.

Uteri rotundum (round of the uterus)—see 706.

Utero-sacralia (utero-sacral). Syn.: sacro-uterina. Corresponds to the m. recto-uterini. See Uterus, Rectum.

Vaginae vasorum cruralium (sheath of the femoral vessels). A ligament attaching to the eminentia ilio-pectinea (from the sheath of the femoral vessels).

Vaginale (vaginal). Corresponds to the rudimentum processus vaginalis. See Testicle, Inguinal canal.

Vaginale cruris (vaginal of the lower leg)—see 728.

Vaginale tibiae (vaginal of the tibia)—see 728.

Vaginalia digitorum manus (vaginal of the fingers of the hand). Syn.: vaginae tendinum mm. flexorum digitorum manus. Dense, transversely running fibrous bundles on the palmar surface of the fingers for the synovial sheaths of the flexor tendons of the fingers (of the hand). Part of the fascia of the hand. (Compare lig. cruciata, annularia, etc.)

Vaginalia digitorum pedis (vaginal of the toes of the foot). Dense fibrous bundles running in a transverse direction on the plantar surface of the toes for the synovial sheaths of the flexor tendons of the toes (of the foot).

Valsalvae—see 84.

Venae cavae (of the vena cava). Bundles of fibrous fibers thrown over the fossa venae cavae.

Venae cavae sinistrae (of the left vena cava). Syn.: cavae sin., s. plica vestigii. Obliterated remnant of the embryonic v. cava sup. sinistra. Thin elastic fibers running from the v. intercostalis suprema sinistra to the v. obliqua atrii sinistri.

Venosum (Arantii) (venous). Syn.: ductus venosi. A thin connective tissue cord, embedded in the left longitudinal groove of the inferior surface of the liver, extending from the left anterior notch to the v. cava inf. [see lig. teres hepatis (see 704)]. It is the obliterated ductus venosus (Arantii) of the fetus.

Ventricularia (ventricular). Syn.: ventriculorum, s. glottidis spuria, s. cristae glandulosae laryngis, s. thyreo-arytaenoidea superiora, s. vocalia spuria. Connective tissue and elastic fibers, raising the mucous membrane of the larynx into folds above the laryngeal ventricles (right and left). Stretched from the angle of the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages. So-called false vocal cords.

Ventriculi (of the stomach). Two strong fibrous bundles in the connective tissue of the serous membrane of the stomach above the incisura angularis. Embedded in the anterior and posterior wall of the stomach.

Vertebralia (vertebral)—see 221.

Vertebro-pericardiaca (vertebro-pericardial). Fibrous cords running from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the pericardium.

Vertebro-phrenicum (Rauber) (vertebro-diaphragmatic). General designation for two bundles of thickened (at the level of the three lower cervical vertebrae) fascia praevertebralis. These bundles run from the anterior and lateral parts of the upper thoracic vertebrae to the pericardial sac, to the trachea, to the root of the lungs; from here they are directed to the centrum tendineum of the diaphragm. Serves to strengthen the tendinous center at the moment of contraction of the diaphragm.

Vertebro-pulmonalia (vertebro-pulmonary). Part of the lig. vertebro-phrenicum (see) extending from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the roots of the lungs (right and left).

Vesicae anteriora (anterior of the bladder)—see 566.

Vesicale medium (median vesical)—see 765.

Vesicalia lateralia (lateral vesical)—see 783.

Vesico-umbilicalia (vesico-umbilical)—see 763.

Vocale anterius (Katzenstein) (anterior vocal). Thickenings on the anterior ends of the lig. vocalia, s. inferiora (see 794).

Vocale posterius (Luschka) (posterior vocal). Connective tissue membrane between the cart. corniculatae.

Nos. Name Latin and Russian. Synonyms. Place of attachment. Position. Purpose (function).

Vocalia (vocal). Syn.: vera, s. inferiora, s. chordae vocales (Ferreini), s. thyreo-arytaenoidea inf. Strong elastic bundles of fibers, stretched on each side from the angle of the thyroid cartilage (inner surface) to the processus vocales of the arytenoid cartilages. Together with the m. thyreo-arytaenoideus (internus), s. vocalis, covered by the mucous membrane of the larynx, these ligaments form the so-called true vocal cords. Between the ligaments remains a slit—rima glottidis.

Vocalia spuria (false vocal)—see 782.

Volare rectum ossis pisiformis (Weber) (palmar straight of the pisiform bone)—initial part of the lig. piso-metacarpeum from the os metacarpale quintum.

Volaria carpi (palmar of the wrist)—see 363.

Winslowii—see 637.

Wrisbergii. Terminal part of the lig. cruciatum post. (see 266) on the lateral meniscus of the knee joint.

Xipho-pericardiaca (xipho-pericardial)—see 641.

Ypsiloforme (in the shape of the Greek letter upsilon). Syn.: Bigelowi. Anterior part of the lig. ilio-femorale (see 340).

Ypsiloideum (upsilon-shaped)—see 264.

Zinni (Zinn's). Corresponds to the annulus tendineus communis. Tendinous ring, which is the place of origin of the eye muscles.

Zonale femoris (girdle of the femur). Syn.: annulare femoris. Corresponds to the zona orbicularis (Weberi). A ligament embedded in the thickness of the fibrous capsule of the articulatio coxae, having a circular and transverse direction of fibers. This ligament encompasses the middle of the neck of the femur. It is a strong support for the head of the femur; together with the lig. ilio-femorale, it limits the rotation of the femur inward.

In the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, there is an auxiliary ligamentous apparatus for the articular capsules of the articulated cartilages. Ligaments between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone (lig. hyo-thyreoideum med. et lat. and others). Connective tissue bundles, reinforced by muscle bundles, contribute to the fixation of the organ in its place (lig. cardinalia uteri, lig. rotunda uteri, etc., Ligaments of the urinary bladder, prostate gland, thyroid gland, and other organs). A large number of Ligaments of internal organs are formed at the expense of duplicatures of serous coverings: peritoneum [lig. hepato-gastricum (see Vol. XXIV, art. 533, fig. 11), lig. phrenico-lienale, gastro-lienale, etc.], pleura (lig. pulmonale). The main strengthening role does not belong to the serous Ligaments of internal organs. They are formed as a result of the complex course of development of the corresponding serous covering and its relationships (in the initial and subsequent periods) with the corresponding internal organs (their position). The names of Ligaments are given depending on their position (lig. collateralia, lig. interossea, etc.), on color (lig. flava), shape (lig. deltoideum, lig. conicum), on extent and position [lig. longitudinale ant. (post.) (see Vol. XXVI, art. 118, fig. 18), lig. plantare longum], by the bones which they connect [lig. calcaneo-tibiale (see Vol. VII, art. 459, fig. 4), lig. interclaviculare], etc. Often a whole group of ligaments is combined under one name—apparatus ligamentosus (app. lig. sinus tarsi, of the dorsum and palmar surface of the bone, etc.). Most of the terms used for naming Ligaments have synonyms.