Poster

POSTER (sanitary-educational), a medium of mass visual agitation and propaganda on issues of the organization of socialist healthcare and the improvement of working and living conditions, representing a combination of pictorial elements and the printed word on an open plane of a sheet of printed material. According to their intended purposes, sanitary-educational posters are divided into agitation, propaganda, and educational types. The agitation sanitary-educational poster is distinguished by a brevity of text, reduced to a short, expressive slogan, sometimes in verse, sharp dynamic drawing, harsh contrasting colors, bright tones, and a changing typeface. Its center of gravity is the drawing, which must rivet the viewer's attention, instill in them the thought and slogan pursued by the author of the poster. The propaganda poster is distinguished by a calm narrative text (however, never excessively long, sometimes only a caption to the drawing); a drawing approaching illustration and close to nature; an even, uniform typeface; soft transitional colors, and even tones. Here, text and drawing have equal rights and, mutually complementing each other, facilitate the viewer's assimilation through independent logical reasoning of the information that constitutes the content of the poster. More often, a poster is understood to mean only its agitation type. The poster is one of the most important means of sanitary-educational work, serving as an instrument of

Figure 1 and 2. The first sanitary-educational posters in Russia are lubok pictures by an unknown master, published at the end of the 18th century for propaganda of smallpox vaccinations introduced then for the first time (from the collection of D. A. Rovinsky, 'Russian Folk Pictures'). optical propaganda among the broad masses, a call to action, to the independent activity of the masses in the cause of building socialist healthcare, and to health protection knowledge. It easily penetrates enterprises, workers' clubs, reading huts, schools, and public places. Although the agitation poster, due to the topicality of its slogan, has universal significance, and the propaganda poster, due to the thorough exhaustion of a particular topic (e.g., 'Malaria', 'Flies', 'Wells'), also finds application everywhere, the need for a self-made local poster is extremely great. The widely deployed mass work of medical workers in enterprises, state farms, cities at new construction sites, and the activity of the public in healthcare matters (social sanitary inspectors, health activists, health cells) require a local agitation poster for a shock campaign, for a sanitary campaign, a propaganda poster on a topic put forward by the conditions of the moment (for example, 'How to maintain a barrack'), or on a topic for which a printed poster has not yet been issued. The self-made poster must be built proceeding first of all from the premise that one should never take an isolated moment of health protection as such (a naked case of alcoholism, the unsanitary state of a dormitory); it must be linked with the entire life of the enterprise (fulfillment of the industrial financial plan, etc.), the health protection of the collective (the possibility of the spread of infection in the dormitory, loss of health, labor productivity, etc.); an individual fact must be brought into the closest interrelationship and interaction with the struggle and activity of the collective. In a self-made agitation poster, class-consistent and party-minded, slogans should not be thrown about in general, but both drawings and text should be sharpened on local needs so that the viewer feels that the poster concerns precisely their conditions of labor and everyday life. The content of a self-made propaganda poster must correspond to the modern level of scientific knowledge on this or that issue covered in the poster on the basis of Marxist-Leninist methodology, and any elements of idealism, mechanism, and vulgar biologization should be strictly eradicated; in form, any affectation should be avoided.

HEALTHY CONDITIONS ON CHILDREN'S GRAVEYARDS

LABOR'

When developing the content and composition of the poster, it is recommended to use the technique of comparisons. This technique shows phenomena in dialectical development. The depiction of generalizing negative moments from Soviet reality in the Soviet poster should not be practiced. An exception is made for photographs of specific sanitary-negative objects (canteens, shops, etc.), as well as photographs of specific enemies of sanitation and hygiene. Such material must necessarily be contained in the self-made sanitary-educational poster, but also in combination with moments of overcoming shortcomings or contrasting the worse with the better. The technique of intimidation and scaring should not be used in the sanitary-educational poster without introducing control measures, advice, and instructions aimed at eradicating this or that phenomenon or disease. The technique of showing positive facts should be widely practiced to reveal the achievements of various organizations in the field of socialist sanitary culture. In the self-made sanitary-educational poster, the illustrative part most often has to be obtained through photographs. Sources for obtaining photographs: Soyuz-foto, illustrated magazines, self-made photographs, photographs of photo circles. Texts of sanitary-educational posters must be popular, understandable, and as short as possible. In a self-made poster, it is best to write the text using a normograph. After working through the texts and selecting the drawings, they proceed to arrange them on a sheet of paper, cardboard, or plywood. Preliminarily, a small pencil sketch must be made (approximate arrangement and ratio of all parts of the poster). The arrangement of material on the sheet can be very diverse: diagonal composition, horizontal composition, oval, circular, triangular, mixed, composition around a central spot, checkerboard composition, etc. Whatever the composition, it must be ensured that the poster is not overloaded, that it is bright, attracting attention without fatiguing it. A harmonious combination of colors attracts attention and creates positive emotions. Colors highlight the important. In the self-made poster, colored paper (matte, glossy, bookbinding) is usually used; it can be used for backgrounds, cutting out silhouettes, strips, arrows, and finally for creating the drawing. Colors and colored paper must be used according to the laws of color combinations, using Ostwald's table. The final manufacture of an independent sanitary-educational poster consists of gluing the background, writing the texts, and gluing in photos and drawings. After gluing, plywood and cardboard with the reverse side must be placed under a press and glued with paper (so it will not warp). If there is a need to manufacture several posters on one topic, it is necessary to prepare as many drawings, photographs, and texts as required posters. To facilitate work, texts can be reproduced by stencil, blueprinting (by the type of blue-printing drawings), or photography. In addition, one can entirely photograph the poster onto a photographic plate and make enlargements of the required size with subsequent coloring. Local lithography can also be used. Medical workers need to keep track of issued posters, acquainting themselves with them in OGIZ stores, guided by reviews published in the Bulletin of the Critic-Bibliography Institute of OGIZ 'Products of Fine Arts' (subscription price for 36 numbers is 7 rubles per year).

Figure 3.

Fig. 4.

Figure 3 and 4. Agitation posters of the Civil War era. Despite the primitiveness of the drawing and the naivety of the artistic design, the posters are politically sharp and linked with the main tasks of the moment. Acquired posters must be recorded in the inventory book, and visual aids and propaganda posters glued to plywood, cardboard, or fabric. Store in unrolled form. Outdated agitation posters should not be destroyed, but are recommended to be kept as material for montages. Posters should be hung in places corresponding to their content, on specially adapted boards, display cases, glazed if possible and illuminated. They should be hung at human eye level, but not higher than 180 cm from the floor. A distance of 20 cm should be left between posters. Hanging in narrow corridors should be avoided. If several posters are hung, a generalizing text must be provided for them and supplemented with local material, as well as other visual aids.

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Figure 5. A subsidy poster of the civil war period, devoid of any political content, showing (mockups, MOCKUPS) an incorrect sanitary installation at the P. exhibition place and source of publication are not _{to hang box} for questions with a pencil and paper and a board for answers, at appointed hours and days give explanations. Work on deepening the impact of P. should consist of the following moments: discussion with the hospital and outpatient clinic staff on newly purchased P. to identify deficiencies, discrepancies with local conditions, etc., subsequent correction of P.; organization of a poster exhibition on specific issues with discussion of this exhibition, questionnaire and debate; organization of a contest on the memorability of P. These forms of work with P. will give the possibility of good agitation and propaganda on this issue through P., will give working criticism of P. and raise the artistic education of the working masses. In schools, contests are desirable for the composition of amateur sanitary-educational posters with subsequent discussion and prizes for projects of new posters.