Rose, Wind Rose, and Rozanov

ROSE, a very common wild and cultivated shrub of the family Rosaceae. Of the numerous species (Rosa gallica, damascena, centifolia, etc.), previously only the French rose was considered official, the dried petals of which were used in mixtures as a mild astringent. Rose honey, rose ointment, and rose wa-

Rose.

ter were also made from them. The Pharmacopoeia of the USSR included only rose oil and rose water, which is made from the oil; rose water is occasionally prescribed as an ingredient in eye and cosmetic lotions. At the present time, neither rose petals nor preparations made from them are used in medicine, but the industrial importance of various species of the rose (in perfumery) is very great. WIND ROSE, a graphic representation of the frequency of winds in relation to the 8 main cardinal directions for a given place or area. The direction of the wind refers to the cardinal direction from which the wind blows. Wind direction has significant hygienic importance when choosing a location both for entire settlements and for the layout of individual streets, blocks, and the construction of individual buildings within them (smoke and harmful gases from industrial areas, natural ventilation of streets and individual buildings, heat loss by buildings, etc.). Figure 1 shows a layout scheme of the city of Grozny, the location of industrial and residential blocks within it, and the direction of the prevailing winds (see Planning). (To protect residential blocks from the harmful influence of nearby industrial enterprises, the latter are partially electrified, and a portion of the industrial blocks is separated from the residential ones by a protective zone of green spaces.) At meteorological stations, observations of air movement are regularly conducted, noting the direction, speed, and force of the wind. The instruments used for this are the Wild wind vane (wind direction and force) and the Robinson cup anemometer (wind speed). The results of the observations are summarized in tables, and from them, graphs of the wind rose are compiled for a given place or area for specific periods of time: monthly, quarterly, annual averages, and averages over a number of years. For this, 8 main directions or rhumbs are drawn through a point representing the given place (N-north, NE-northeast, E-east, SE-southeast, S-south, SW-southwest, W-west, and NW-northwest), and the absolute or, more often, percentage values of wind frequency in a given direction are plotted along them at a certain scale. Sometimes, data from observations relating to intermediate rhumbs (NNE, NEE, etc.) are noted in the tables. When compiling a wind rose, these should be divided in half and assigned in parts to one or the other adjacent main rhumb. The absence

CITY LAYOUT SCHEME 1 industrial districts 2 warehouses 3 food processing plant 4 oil depots

Figure 1. of air movement—calm air, a dead calm—is also noted in the tables, and on the wind rose graph, it is indicated in the form of a circle, the radius of which is proportional (at the same scale as the frequency of winds) to the absolute or percentage value—the number of dead calms for a specific period of time. Tables and graphs for wind speeds are compiled in the same way. ROZANOV, Vladimir Nikolayevich, a well-known surgeon (born in 1872). Rozanov graduated from Moscow University in 1896. Until 1910, he worked at the Old Catherine Hospital, teaching there at the feldsher courses. During the Russo-Japanese War, he was a senior surgeon and authorized representative of the 1st Sanitary Detachment of Moscow. From 1910, he headed the surgical department of the Botkin (formerly Soldatenkov) Hospital. During this period, he was elected as a lecturer at the Shanyavsky People's University. During the imperialist war Table 1. Frequency and speed of wind in August 1915 in Moscow (for 16 rhumbs) (according to the Monthly Statistical Bulletin for Moscow, No. 8, 1915).

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 2. Frequency of winds in August 1915 in Moscow (in %). Figure 3. The same in York. Figure 4. The same in Munich (average data for 38 years in %). as the frequency of winds) to the absolute or percentage value—the number of dead calms for a specific period of time. Tables and graphs for wind speeds are compiled in the same way. As illustrations, Tables 1-3 and Figures 2-4 are provided—a numerical and graphic expression of the frequency of winds in Moscow for August 1915, in York, and in Munich (average for 38 years). Table 2. Frequency and speed of wind in August 1915 (for 8 main rhumbs) in Moscow (in absolute and percentage values). Winds Dead Calm Number of winds .... 13.5 9.5 5.5 13.5 9.5 22.5 The same in % . 2.2 14.5 9.7 10.2 8.6 5.9 14.5 10.2 24.2 Average speed . . - 4.1 5.25 6.05 4.6 4.7 5.4 5.75 6.15 The same in % . - 9.9 12.6 14.6 11.1 11.3 13.0 12.7 14.8 Table 3. Frequency of winds in Munich over 38 years (1843-1880) in % (according to Renk Fr., Die Luft, from Handbuch der Hygiene, Pettenkofer u. Ziemssen). Winds Dead Calm N NE E SE S SW W NW Average frequency in % 6.54 3.28 11.42 21.08 4.0 1.78 11.2 33.1 7.64