Ointments

Ointments, in the broad sense of the word, are substances whose aggregate state allows them to be used for application to the external surfaces of the body. In the narrower sense, M. (Unguenta) include medicinal preparations or forms of a greasy or soft consistency—from semi-liquid, like butter, to almost solid (beef tallow), which soften or partially melt at body temperature. A single substance rarely serves as an ointment; such homogeneous ointments include vaseline, lanolin, pork, beef, or mutton tallow. Usually these substances enter into the composition of ointments only as bases (constituents), pharmacologically more or less indifferent, to which medicinal substances are added. With a significant admixture of powdered substances (this limit is conventionally taken as 25%), ointments acquire a pasty consistency and are called pastes (from Latin pasta—dough). When preparing prescriptions for complex ointments, it is necessary to consider what effect the ointment is intended to have. According to Zumbusch, ointments are prescribed in the following cases: a) as a means only for covering (an isolating cover to protect areas from external agents); b) as carriers (receptors) of substances acting on wounds (locally or with absorption through damaged skin); c) as carriers (receptors) of substances for action through intact skin; d) for action on diseased skin (in the latter case, an incorrectly chosen ointment base can cause harm); e) ointments are applied not only to the skin but also to mucous membranes (eye ointments) and to hair (pomades). Ointments are applied for longer periods when it is intended to remove thick crusts, scales, etc., or for the action of medicinal substances to considerable depth. Ointments may also have very short-term use—for massage, for removing foreign substances soluble in fats, etc. As for the penetration of ointments or substances contained in them through intact skin, only easily volatile substances (iodine, mercury and its volatile compounds, essential oils) and substances soluble in lipoids (free alkaloids, chrysarobin, naphthol, resorcinol, pyrogallic acid, sulfur, salicylic acid, phenol, etc., to a lesser extent) are apparently absorbed. Substances penetrating through fatty membranes (iron chloride, iron sulfate, lead acetate, lead subacetate, etc.) are absorbed less. Salts not possessing the above properties are not absorbed. By adding keratolytic substances (phenol, resorcinol, soaps, salicylic acid, etc.) to ointments, absorption can be enhanced and deep action can be achieved for substances that do not penetrate intact skin. It is even possible to achieve penetration of aqueous solutions (e.g., salt solutions) by preliminary loosening of the epidermis (compresses, fomentations, baths) or removal of fat by thorough washing of the skin with chloroform, gasoline, ether, or strong alcohol. Strong and prolonged rubbing can lead to absorption, apparently due to disruption of the protective coverings; at the same time, microscopic particles of ointment can be pushed into the sebaceous and hair follicles and sweat ducts, where they can be absorbed. Substances insoluble in lipoids (potassium iodide, sodium salicylate, etc.) under normal conditions do not penetrate intact skin, but for example, iodine, released by oxidation in the air from potassium iodide, penetrates as a volatile and lipoid-soluble substance. Since ointment bases can alter the conditions of action of medicinal substances included in them, promoting or hindering their absorption, and sometimes exhibiting their own action, it is clear how important the correct choice of a suitable base for each ointment is. To facilitate the choice of base, commonly used bases are divided into 4 groups according to their properties: 1st group of bases—vegetable and animal fats, soaps, fatty acids, plasters; 2nd group—lanolin and wax (fat-like substances of animal origin); 3rd group—vaseline and mixtures of liquid and solid paraffin, ceresin (fat-like substances of mineral origin); 4th group—water-soluble bases. The properties of individual groups are as follows. 1) Substances of the 1st group easily decompose with the release of fatty acids; therefore they are suitable only for preparing ointments for a short period or for preparing ointments containing preservatives, and are not suitable for preparing ointments containing strong acids, alkalis or easily reducible substances, such as potassium permanganate or silver nitrate salts (unless the release of metallic silver in the ointment itself is intended, as in Mikulich's ointment), salts of chromic acid and peroxides (e.g., magnesium, zinc, etc.); with prolonged storage, they are also unsuitable for ointments containing salts of heavy metals, salts of iodine, bromides and iodides. 2) Substances of the 2nd group are difficult to decompose, which constitutes their advantage over the first group. Lanolin is especially suitable, which can be mixed with water in amounts up to 150% of its own weight without harm to its ointment-like consistency. 3) Substances of the 3rd group do not decompose even under the influence of strong chemical agents, but they absorb extremely little water. Sometimes mixtures (alloys) of the second and third groups are used as a base, for example lanolin with vaseline, and a mixture is obtained that has the advantages of the first group regarding water absorption but does not contain an easily decomposable base, which is very important when preparing ointments for the eyes and other delicate organs. 4) Substances of the 4th group are soluble in water, therefore not greasy; they allow the introduction of a significant amount of water or aqueous solutions into ointments. These include a) tragacanth mass, which dries relatively quickly, consisting of a solution of tragacanth in glycerin with an admixture of water; in case of admixture of metal oxides, e.g., zinc oxide, ointments are obtained that very quickly form a dense dry crust on the skin (skin lacquers), b) gelatinous masses with water and glycerin, c) starch masses. The so-called "glycerin ointment" (F VII) consists of 7 parts starch and 93 parts aqueous glycerin. Such a base is not suitable for preparing ointments with iodine, since iodine with starch forms a compound.

ning. Water-soluble bases are unsuitable for the preparation of ointments with a significant amount of such substances under the influence of which starch, gums, or proteins are precipitated (e.g., with alcohol). Glycerin bases with gelatin, agar-agar, starch, or tragacanth are most often taken for the preparation of jellies for external use (see Haloderma). Properties of some individual materials (Zumbusch, R. Rapp). - 1) Fresh and good quality lard is easily spread; it is completely non-irritating, relatively easily washed off with soap, and readily absorbs medicinal agents. Equivalent to it (but more expensive) are mixtures of pure wax or spermaceti with good quality oils and fats.

2) Lanolin is suitable for ointments containing a large amount of aqueous liquids, but due to its dense consistency, it must be mixed with other soft bases. Lanolin is used in eczema because it does not irritate the skin.

3) Vaseline (white or yellow), so-called "American," is widely used; it is avoided in eczema because it may contain skin-irritating kerosene. In skin peeling, crusts, etc., where fats facilitate the separation of dead particles, vaseline has a weak effect. Both vaseline and lanolin are unsuitable for hair ointments (pomades) or hair-covered skin because they are almost impossible to wash off with soap and water. In addition, they are difficult to remove from linen.

4) Paraffin ointment ("artificial vaseline") is a poor ointment base because it irritates the skin and other tissues and is heterogeneous in consistency; it mixes poorly with medicinal substances and therefore impedes their action. This base is taken for dressings on large areas of the body when other bases are too expensive, and also in cases of contact of the ointment with pus, gangrenous ulcers, and the like, when it is important that the ointment base does not decompose.

5) Glycerin ointment is easily washed off, but the high glycerin content in ointments is not indifferent and can lead to skin irritation, let alone mucous membranes. The medicinal substances included in ointments act through their surface as long as it is in contact with the skin. For a more intensive action of medicinal substances, efforts are made to provide them with a larger active surface; substances soluble in lipoids act more energetically in this case; the Pharmacopoeia VII gives the following instructions in this regard: insoluble and powdered substances are triturated in small amounts with almond oil, liquid paraffin, in large amounts with a part of the melted base, and only then is the remainder of the latter added. This same technique must also be applied to substances soluble in a given base if they are prescribed in quantities exceeding their solubility, or if their dissolution would require such a large amount of an extraneous solvent that the percentage composition of the ointment's components would undergo a substantial change.

The trituration of the ointment's components must be so thorough and prolonged that particles as small as possible are obtained; the sizes of these particles, according to the studies of Dieterich (E. Dieterich), range in well-made ointments between 6.75 µ (finest zinc oxide) and 263 µ (boric acid).

Soluble substances taken for ointments in small amounts are triturated with a suitable solvent (water, glycerin, alcohol) and then fat is mixed into them. Extracts are mixed in in a dissolved form - opium triturated with glycerin or weak alcohol, alkaloids and iodine are preliminarily triturated with alcohol. Essential oils and volatile substances are directly mixed into ointments; Pharmacopoeia VII makes an exception to these rules for substances that can exhibit both local and general action, namely for resorcinol, zinc sulfate, and tartar emetic. Although these substances are soluble in water, they are only triturated with the ointment base or almond oil, whereby their absorption is hindered. However, with respect to at least the first two substances, a number of reservations should be introduced: for example, zinc sulfate is part of the eye ointment according to Unna, and in this case, as well as in other analogous cases, it must be dissolved in water. Apparently, the instruction of Pharmacopoeia VII should generally be applied only in those cases when the indicated substances are prescribed in high concentration, or when the ointment is intended for application on extensive areas of the skin.

The comminution of substances that can be obtained fresh by precipitation is successfully replaced (according to Schweissinger) by the preparation of these substances in the form of precipitates under such conditions that amorphous precipitates are obtained, and if possible close in size to colloidal particles, which are immediately collected on colanders, pressed, and mixed while still moist with the base. Thus, it is possible to prepare ointments with yellow mercuric oxide, white precipitate, bismuth subnitrate, precipitated sulfur, dermatol, and the like. In the USSR, ointments are not prepared in this way; ointments with freshly precipitated mercuric oxide and with ammoniated mercury have been introduced into the German Pharmacopoeia.

In pharmaceutical practice, the preparation of mercury ointments is usually singled out due to the difficulty of distributing metallic mercury in the base. Mercury must be distributed in such a way that mercury globules cannot be detected even when viewed under a magnifier (linear magnification, usually 6-fold). To obtain an ointment with metallic mercury, an ethiops is first prepared from mercury by prolonged trituration of mercury with slightly heated anhydrous lanolin (extinctio - extinction of mercury), i.e., a very concentrated mercury ointment; after this, the ethiops is diluted with the base (fat) until the required mercury content is obtained.

When prescribing ointments with water, glycerin, or alcohol, the following figures for the capacity of various bases to absorb these liquids should be borne in mind (Schroeder, van der Wielen): Composition of the ointment base I, 100 parts of the ointment base absorb water, glycerin 70°.

Increasing the water absorption capacity of bases can be achieved either by chemical treatment of the base or by mixing in substances that retain water in the state of an emulsion in oil. The first principle was implemented by F. Wratschko: prolonged heating of vaseline with glycerin to a high temperature changes vaseline to such an extent that it acquires the property of absorbing a significant amount of water. The second method is based on the observation that fat-like substances containing sterols (lanolin, lecithin) are capable of absorbing a large amount of water, retaining it in the form of an emulsion. Therefore, bases such as Eucerin—paraffin ointment with the addition of 5% metacholesterol (extracted with gasoline from saponified lanolin)—were proposed. Other emulsifiers, such as pectic substances in Physiol, soap (10%) and gelatin (5%) in resorbin, soap and sodium caseinate in mitin, borax in some cold creams, contribute to the formation of stable emulsions of water in fatty or fat-like bases.

The question of the emulsion nature of ointments was put forward by the Hamburg dermatologist Unna, who suggested that oil-in-water emulsions (where water constitutes the continuous medium and fat is in the form of separate droplets) are cooling (Kühlsalben, cold-cream); as it turned out, water-in-fat emulsions also possess this property (C. Moncorps). Preparation in the pharmacy is customarily carried out in glass mortars to distinguish them from forms for internal use, for which porcelain mortars serve. For large-scale production, there are machines of basically two types: mortars with mechanically moving pestles (Fig. 1) and mechanically moving spatulas (knives for removing the ointment from the walls of the mortar and pestle) or drums with balls, as for mixing powders; in the latter, ointments are prepared in a molten form. For the preparation of ointments, kettles with stirrers are also used; for ointments with powdered ingredients or mercury ointments, special forms of mortars or rollers (paint mills) are used. Finished ointments in large quantities are sometimes passed through ordinary paint mills, in which even small lumps of accidentally prematurely solidified base are ground by rapidly rotating millstones.

Dispensing of ointments and pastes is produced in jars, most often.

Ointment driving mortar for large porcelain productions; in "over-the-counter sales" they are sometimes dispensed in wooden boxes (which is impractical, as the latter quickly become soaked with oil) or in small tin cans. Ointments are also dispensed in tin, aluminum, or tin-lined (but not lead) tubes. Filling of tubes is carried out by extruding the ointment through a tube of appropriate thickness into an empty tube; for this purpose, "sausage machines" (Fig. 2) of various designs are used. Filled tubes are clamped with pliers, which remove the excess ointment. For transferring ointments into jars and scraping them from the walls of mortars, iron (nickel-plated) or flexible spatulas, appropriately trimmed pieces of clean and uncolored Bristol board, celluloid plates, horn, or the like are used. It is necessary to take into account the possible influence of the container walls on the composition of the ointment: metal boxes, tubes, jar lids, and the like are particularly unreliable in this respect, as they are affected by the heavy metal compounds, alkalis, acids, and even soaps and fats entering into the composition of the ointment. Some ointments (mercurial) are commercially available in graduated glass tubes plugged with a cork piston (Fig. 3). Dosed ointments

Figure 2.

are dispensed in waxed paper or soft gelatin capsules containing weighed doses of the ointment. It must be kept in mind, however, that the dosage of ointments applied to intact skin is problematic. In Russian practice, so-called "spread ointments" introduced by Unna have not caught on; ready-made ointments are spread in an even layer on leather, calico, or gauze, and pieces of the required size are cut out. For dispensing, the spread side is covered with waxed or paraffin paper. Spreading is carried out by passing the materials through machines in the reservoirs of which the ointment is slightly warmed and constantly stirred, or the ointment is spread manually, in the cold, using

Figure 3. Graduated tubes for dosing ointments. 1 - cork.

The difficulty of preparation, and mainly of storage and dispensing of spread ointments, along with their insufficient advantages over convenient spread plasters, has not ensured recognition for the form of spread ointments. Liniments (Linimenta), which are emulsions of water in liquid oil, are classed among ointments. (In a broader sense, liniments are generally understood as liquid ointments, usually containing soap.) The USSR Pharmacopoeia VII includes three liniments. A mixture of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water (whereby a soap is formed from a fatty acid with calcium hydroxide, holding an excess of water in an emulsified state)—the so-called Linimentum Calcis (liquid lime ointment). A mixture of 3 parts of sunflower oil with 1 part of 10% ammonia water is called Linimentum ammoniatum or Linimentum volatile (volatile liniment); it contains ammoniacal soap and an excess of ammonia water emulsified in oil. The third preparation—Linimentum Saponis rubefaciens, s. Spiritus Saponis rubefaciens, s. Balsamum weimarense (Weimar balsam)—belongs essentially to soap spirits (see below). All liniments, like emulsions in general, are unstable; therefore, preparing them in reserve is irrational.—Vajogens, or vasoliments, are liniments with ammoniacal soap in which the fat is replaced by a mixture of oleic acid (ammonia is introduced in an amount insufficient for its complete binding) with liquid petrolatum. Linogens hold water even better in emulsion, in which linseed oil replaces liquid petrolatum. Due to the content of excess fatty acids, these preparations make it possible to mix not too strong acids (salicylic, benzoic) and even iodine with them, the introduction of which into soaps or soap spirits is associated with a significant change in action. Simple solutions of soap in alcohol (with an admixture of medicinal substances), called soap spirits, are also classed among ointments; simple soap spirit according to the USSR Pharmacopoeia VII is an alcoholic 25% solution of potassium soap, made in turn from sunflower oil, while the soap spirit of some foreign pharmacopoeias contains sodium soap. "Spiritus Saponis kalini Hebrae" according to the USSR Pharmacopoeia VII also contains potassium soap (in an amount of 60%) with an admixture of lavender oil. With a solid soap content of 10% or more, these solutions solidify at room temperature to a jelly density, and melt at body temperature. Such jellies are called opodeldocs ("Opodeldoctore" of Paracelsus). In view of the easy absorbability of such a mass, opodeldocs are used for frictions where the fastest possible action is required. Substances soluble in alcohol (creosote, guaiacol, essential oils, resins, etc.) are mixed into the base; the opodeldoc is poured into warm jars and cooled quickly. With slow cooling, crystalline precipitates of soap or stearin are obtained.—Ointments drying on the skin, as well as solutions of resins, rubber, etc., in volatile solvents, are called skin lacquers. Leaving a film on the skin, more or less flexible and continuous, they are used as protective coatings or to ensure a prolonged intensive action of medicinal substances. Among lacquers, the most commonly used are: lacquer of mastic with turpentine or another balsam, in strong alcohol or ether; traumaticin (Traumaticin), a 10–12% solution of white gutta-percha in chloroform; collodion, acetylcollodion, and others can also be classified here. All these substances can be mixed with medicinal substances; to impart elasticity to them, a fatty (castor) or mineral (petrolatum) oil or balsams (copahu, turpentine, etc.) are mixed in. The application of these preparations using a brush is simple and neat, which is their advantage over plasters and ointments. Ointments used in cosmetics are usually prepared on very soft (greasy) bases containing an emulsified liquid (creams), or on water-soluble bases (jellies). As fatty bases here, aside from petrolatum, liquid petrolatum, and lanolin, melts of a delicate vegetable oil (almond, olive, apricot, or the like) with 10–15% wax and the same amount of spermaceti are applicable. For scenting cosmetic ointments, essential oils (bergamot, lavender, rose, etc.) in an amount of 0.1% to 1% or fragrant substances of the perfume industry (perfume essences) are used. For coloring to skin color, carmine (up to 0.1%) or aniline dyes (eosin, Sudan III, etc.) are used. Sometimes ointments are colored green with chlorophyllan (chlorophyll) soluble in oils.—Quality control of ointments boils down to chemical determination of the composition corresponding to the prescription and to establishing the uniformity of mixing, proper pulverization of powdered ingredients, and the absence of decomposed fats or foreign impurities, and especially to identifying partial or complete substitution of names. Adeps suillus depuratus — purified lard. Adeps suillus benzoatus — lard with benzoic acid. Lanolinum anhydricum — anhydrous lanolin. Lanolinum hydricum — hydrous lanolin. * Linimentum ammoniatum — volatile ointment. * Linimentum Calcis — liquid lime ointment. Linimentum Saponis rubefaciens — Weimar balsam. Mixtura oleoso-balsamica — Hoffmann's balsam. Oleum camphoratum — camphorated oil. Oleum Hyoscyami — henbane oil. Sapo viridis — green soap. Spiritus camphoratus — camphor spirit. Spiritus Formicarum — ant spirit. Spiritus Lavandulae — lavender spirit. Spiritus saponatus — soap spirit. Spiritus Saponis kalini Hebrae — Hebra's soap spirit. Spiritus Sinapis — mustard spirit. Unguentum camphoratum — camphor ointment. Unguentum Cantharidis — cantharides ointment. Unguentum cereum — wax ointment. * Unguentum Cetacei — spermaceti ointment. * Unguentum diachylon — Hebra's lead ointment. Unguentum Glycerini — glycerin ointment. Composition: Melted, washed, and dehydrated pork fat; melting point 36–46°. Purified lard 99 parts, benzoic acid 1 part. Purified fat-like substance of sheep's wool; melting point 38–42°. Anhydrous lanolin 70 parts, water 30 parts. Sunflower oil 3 parts, ammonia water 1 part. Linseed oil 1 part, lime water 1 part. 5% turpentine extract of Spanish flies 20 parts, camphor spirit 80 parts, soap spirit 208 parts, ammonia water 12 parts.

Essential oils: bitter orange flowers,

bergamot, clove, lemon,

rosemary, and thyme 1 part each, Peruvian balsam

4 parts, alcohol 240 parts. Camphor 1 part, sunflower oil 9 parts. 10% extract from henbane leaves using sunflower oil. Potassium soap from hemp or sunflower oil. Camphor 1 part, alcohol (about 74°) 9 parts. 25% formic acid 5 parts, alcohol (70-71°) 95 parts. Lavender oil 1 part, alcohol (75-76°) 99 parts. Solution of about 20% potassium soap in alcohol about 70°. Approximately 60% solution of green soap in alcohol about 70° with lavender oil. 2% solution of essential mustard oil in 90° alcohol. Purified lard 65 parts, yellow wax 15 parts, camphor 20 parts. Spanish flies and turpentine each 2 parts, euphorbia 10 parts, lard and sunflower oil each 20 parts, yellow wax 10 parts. Yellow wax 1 part, sunflower oil 3 parts. White wax 1 part, spermaceti 2 parts, almond oil 7 parts. Lead plaster and white vaseline each 1 part. Wheat starch 7 parts, glycerin 93 parts (water-7 parts - is evaporated). Therapeutic application. Neutral base for Ointments (I category). The same; benzoic acid provides greater stability and gives the fat an acidic reaction. Neutral base for Ointments (II category). The same. Causing redness (counter-irritant) liquid Ointment (rubbing). For lubricating fresh burns. Strongly irritating (counter-irritant) liquid Ointment (rubbing). Pleasant smell, weakly irritating rubbing. Weakly irritating (counter-irritant) rubbing. Rubbing with questionable analgesic effect. Marked soap with weak keratolytic effect and alkaline reaction; admixture or base for Ointments (I category).

_: Weakly irritating (counter-irritant) rubbing. The same. Pleasant smell, weakly irritating rubbing. Alkaline, weakly irritating liquid soap. The same. Used mainly as soap for washing the skin, hair, etc.; rarely as a component in rubbings. Strongly irritating (counter-irritant) rubbing. Weakly irritating (counter-irritant) Ointment. Strongly irritating agent in veterinary practice. Neutral base for Ointments (I category). Gentle neutral base for Ointments (I category); spoils quickly. Weakly disinfecting and astringent Ointment; recommended for eczema and weeping ringworm. Water-soluble, gelatinous base for Ointments (IV category). Prepared for a short time.

Name. Composition. Therapeutic application. Unguentum Hydrargyri album-white mercury Ointment. Unguentum Hydrargyri cinereum-gray mercury Ointment. * Unguentum Hydrargyri oxydati-eye Ointment (yellow). * Unguentum Kalii jodati-Ointment with potassium iodide. * Unguentum leniens-cold cream. * Unguentum Plumbi subacetici-lead Ointment. * Unguentum Plumbi tannici-Ointment for bedsores. Unguentum sulfuratum compos.-compound sulfur Ointment. Unguentum sulfuratum simplex-simple sulfur Ointment. Unguentum (sulfuratum) Wilkinsoni-Wilkinson's Ointment. Unguentum Terebinthinae-turpentine Ointment. Unguentum Zinci-zinc Ointment. * Unguentum Zinci salicylicum-Lassar's salicylic. Vaselinum. Vasolimentum-vasoliment (vasogen). Vasolimentum jodatum-iodovasogen. Amidochloride of mercury 1 part, white vaseline 5 parts, anhydrous lanolin 4 parts. Mercury 30 parts, anhydrous lanolin 5 parts, olive oil 1 part, purified lard 40 parts, purified beef tallow 24 parts. Yellow oxide of mercury 49 parts, mercury 1 part, yellow vaseline 5 parts. Salicylic acid 2 parts, oxide of zinc and starch [or (from 1929) talc] each 25 parts, yellow vaseline 48 parts. Mixture of hydrocarbons-product of petroleum distillation; melting point 35-40°. Oleic acid 3 parts, 10% solution of ammonia in strong alcohol 1 part, yellow vaseline oil 6 parts. Pure iodine 1 part, liquid vasoliment 9 parts. 10% potassium iodide in vasolino-lanolin base. Spermaceti Ointment with 10.8% glycerin. Lead (basic) acetate and glycerin each 10 parts, anhydrous lanolin 25 parts, wax Ointment 55 parts. Lead (basic) acetate 10 parts, tannin 5 parts, anhydrous lanolin 45 parts, yellow vaseline 40 parts. Purified sulfur and zinc sulfate each 10 parts, laurel oil 3 parts, anhydrous lanolin 20 parts, yellow vaseline 57 parts. Purified sulfur 1 part, purified lard 2 parts. Chalk 10 parts, purified sulfur and liquid tar each 15 parts, purified beef tallow and green soap each 50 parts, water 4 parts. Purified turpentine 1 part₍ purified lard 4 parts. Oxide of zinc 1 part, white wax 1 part, benzoic acid 8 parts.

Ointment antiseptic. In syphilis; in small doses for cosmetic defects (freckles, redness of the skin); reliable remedy against parasites in hair and linen (lice). _; Ointment used in syphilis ("frictions"); diluted 2-5 times with fat-against parasites (lice and fleas), under the common name "neapolitan" (Ung. Neapolitanum).

\ In eye practice- disinfectant Ointment.

| Ointment for obtaining slow action of iodine (slowly released under the action of oxygen in the air): in scrofula, enlarged glands, etc.

^; Gentle neutral base for | Ointments (I category).

| Weakly disinfecting and astringent | remedy. For bruises, | bedsores, contusions, burns, washing.

| The same. Action astringent.

\ Disinfectant Ointment with the action \ of sulfur. For scabies, psoriasis, eczema.

The same. The same, excluding eczema. Weakly irritating (counter-irritant).

Weakly disinfecting and astringent Ointment. For eczema, ringworm, minor wounds, abrasions, contusions. The same. Neutral base for Ointments (III category). Prepared for a short time by saturating fatty bases with non-saponifiable paraffins or vaseline. Official in the VII edition are the following bases and Ointments (see table). The internal use of ointments occurs when using glycerin Ointment for gluing pills or for emulsifying substances in pap and etc. Mercury Ointment (with 85.7% Hg) is used instead of metallic mercury in pills and oil suspensions; in the latter also for parenteral administration. Base for rubbings containing ammonia soap, with alkaline reaction and weakly keratolytic and irritating effect. The same, but with the action of iodine; a gentler substitute for iodine tincture for external use. In scrofula, enlarged glands; as a counter-irritant for pleurisy, inflammatory processes and so-called. ^1it.: State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, 7th edition, corrected printing, M., 1929; K o b e r t R., Methods of prescribing drugs and prescription, Odessa, 1914; O b e r g a r d I., Technology of dosage forms. M.-L., 1929; M o p s o g r s C, Investigations on pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of ointments, Arch. f. exper. Pathol. u. Pharmakol.. 3. CXLI, 1929 (ref. Pharm. Zeitung, 1930, № 30-31); R a p p R., Scientific pharmacy in prescription and extemporaneous preparation, B., 1929.