Nechayev

NECHAYEV, Alexander Afanasyevich (1845–1922), chief doctor of the Obukhov Hospital, an outstanding therapist, organizer of hospital affairs, creator of the Obukhov school of physicians, and one of the most capable students of Sergei Botkin. In 1870 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. Upon graduation, he worked as a resident physician in Sergei Botkin's clinic. In 1883–1885, he was a senior resident at the Alexandrovskaya Barrack Hospital (now the Sergei Botkin Barrack Hospital). In 1885–1890, he served as the chief doctor of the women's Obukhov Hospital, and from 1890 to 1922, as the chief doctor of the men's Obukhov Hospital. Nechayev's activity was devoted to the organization of hospital affairs in St. Petersburg and in the Obukhov Hospital in particular. Heading the Obukhov Hospital for 37 years, Nechayev turned it into a scientific institution

from which over 30 professors emerged. Nechayev encouraged the work of externs in the hospital, and physicians flocked from all corners of Russia to the "Obukhovka" to improve their skills. Nechayev introduced the position of assistant physician in hospitals. After the revolution, Nechayev was one of the founders of the Leningrad Botkin Therapeutic Society (1921) and its first chairman. In 1922, Nechayev was chairman of the organizing bureau for convening the Congress of Therapists, the first after the revolution. Nechayev was a prominent public figure. On January 9, 1905, thanks to Nechayev, the Obukhov Hospital received and cared for a large number of wounded during "Bloody Sunday." A detachment of hospital doctors and nurses went to the Narva Gate and provided assistance on the spot. After the 1917 revolution, Nechayev took an active part in the commissions of the health department. Nechayev's scientific works are devoted mainly to the borderland between therapy and surgery and to infectious diseases involving the intestinal tract. Among Nechayev's works, his dissertation from Botkin's clinic should be noted: "On the Depressing Effect of Atropine, Morphine, and Chloral Hydrate and Irritation of Sensory Nerves on Gastric Juice Secretion" (St. Petersburg, 1882), where Nechayev first (before Riegel) experimentally demonstrated the depressing effect of atropine on gastric secretion. Nechayev and A. A. Troyanov performed the first case in Russia of surgical treatment of perforated typhoid peritonitis resulting in recovery (Botkinskaya Bolnichnaya Gazeta, 1894, no. 23). For his medical and scientific activity, by its 50th anniversary, Nechayev received the title of honorary professor (from the State Institute of Medical Knowledge). No. 46 of "Russky Vrach" for 1910 and a separate "Collection of Scientific Works in Honor of the 50th Anniversary of Prof. A. A. Nechayev" (Petrograd, 1922; bibliography of works of the Obukhov Hospital) are dedicated to Nechayev.

NECHAYEV, Alexander Petrovich (born 1870), a well-known Russian psychologist. He graduated from the Historical and Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Then he worked abroad in the medical and philosophical faculties. In 1897 he received the title of privat-docent, and in 1906—master of philosophy (for a study on association by similarity). In 1901 Nechayev organized the first laboratory of experimental pedagogical psychology in Russia, in 1904—the first pedagogical courses and then a series of congresses on these disciplines;

he took part in the founding of the Society of Experimental Pedagogy (1910) and the Pedagogical Academy of the Education League (1907), where he served as president from 1909 to 1914 and as professor of psychology; simultaneously he was director of the Higher Pedagogical Courses and the experimental school under the Society of Experimental Pedagogy. In 1917 he organized the Pedagogical Institute in Samara and upon the transformation of this institute into a state university, he was its rector (1918–1921). From 1922 to 1925 he served as director of the Moscow State Psycho-Neurological Institute. He is a member of many scientific societies, both Russian and foreign. In total, Nechayev owns more than 200 works on general psychology, pedagogical psychology, physiological psychology, psychotechnics, as well as a number of textbooks. A number of journals and books were also published under Nechayev's editorship. While touching little upon the fundamental theoretical problems of his discipline in his works, Nechayev nevertheless actually adheres to the positions of traditional subjective psychology, combining an idealistic view of the psyche with an individualistic approach to man as an abstract, non-historical being. Nechayev's works on psychotechnical and pedagogical themes are characterized by a narrowly empirical and mechanical application of the same test material to persons with the most diverse social, professional, and other characteristics. Among Nechayev's major works in recent years, one should note: "Guide to Experimental Psychological Research of Children" (Moscow, 1925); "Psychology of the School Collective" (Moscow, 1928); "Human Character" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929); "Mental Fatigue" (collection, edited by A. P. Nechayev, Moscow-Leningrad, 1929).